Negotiations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Negotiations - Essay Example This was the case of a miner who lost his boots at work, and the managers did not agree to lend him a pair or even buy him a new pair. The non-compliance by the shift boss led to a dispute of interests and led the employee to go on strike. Ury, et.al, (1988) explain that a dispute starts when a claim or demand is made and is generally based on a need or aspiration. In the case where the miner complained of the lost boots, he was in directly expecting the company to take responsibility and to remedy the issue, however due to the rejection, this led to a dispute (Ury, Brett, & Goldberg, 1988). Here this led to a conflict of interests, i.e. the interest of the miner was to get back his pair of boots, while the interest of the shift boss was not to spend extra as the company cannot be held liable for the loss of property. Interests are the needs, desires, concerns, and fears, basically, the things that an individual cares about or wants. Reconciliation of such interests is the key and is the most concerning aspect of any negotiation. Here these can lead to creative solutions, or making trade- offs, or even concessions. The crux is to reach to an agreement. However, not all the negotiations are a means to reach an agreement. Some negotiations are focused on reconciling of interests, while others on determining who is right and a few others are based on who is more powerful (Lewicki, Barry, & Saunders, 2010). However, there are a number of negotiations which is a mix of all three of the elements, i.e. to satisfy the interests, discussion of rights and also focus on the power of the parties involved. In the case that the negotiations are focused on a single aspect, then they are referred to as, either, ‘interest-based’, ‘rights-based’, or ‘power-based’ (Lewicki, Saunders, Minton, & Barry, 2010). The relationship of the three can be understood better in the form of concurrent circles, with the inner most circle being interest, the outer circle being rights and the outer most circle being power (see figure below). (Ury, Brett, & Goldberg, 1988) The diagram clearly explains that any reconciliation of interests is basically within the rights and power of the parties. Similarly, the determination of the rights is based on the levels of power. The three are interrelated and the overall resolution of a dispute can have a continuous shift between the interests, rights or power (Lewicki, Barry, & Saunders, 2010). Each of the three has a different impact on the overall costs, satisfaction and also the outcomes. There are four possible criteria in every negotiation. a) The transaction costs, i.e. the cost of the overall negotiation. In the case of the Boots dispute, it would have been better for the shift boss to resolve the dispute without the strike. The escalated issue of strike, simply led the overall costs to increase to a great extent (Brett, 2007). b) Outcome satisfaction is another crucial element that needs t o be considered. Here the outcome was not to satisfaction for the business, or the employee alike. The business was faced with loss of money, while the employee did not receive a new pair of boots. However the employee was satisfied as this allowed him to vent out the anger. c) Impact on relationships, is the next crucial criteria. Negotiations are a part of day to day life (Lewicki, Barry, & Saunders, 2010). With the type of negotiation chosen, there can be an impact on the ove

Cheap Alternative Polymeric Materials To Abs

Cheap Alternative Polymeric Materials To Abs In recent years, fused deposition modeling (FDM) has become a widely used technology in rapid prototyping process. Typically polymer materials used are acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and polycarbonate (PC). The polymer is fed into equipment as a 1.6mm diameter, which is heated and extruded onto a building platform. The ABS filament sold by the equipment suppliers is very expensive at aroundà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ¡270 per kg [1]. Also, during the FDM process, some of this material is used as build supports and which is simply thrown away after being removed from the parts. This project aims to use alternative materials for the FDM process. 1.2 Previous Work of Project This project is followed by a summer 2009 project that Yifei Zhang did. In Zhangs project, one grade of virgin ABS has similar melt and flow properties to the benchmark material, but due to the limitations of laboratory equipment and project funds, Zhang cannot get the result. Zhang also try to use WEEE ABS as a potential source, but the degree of purity (98%) could not be accepted in FDM operation. In addition, a nylon strimmer line was found which had the suitable filament diameter, but it also failed because of the viscosity of the materials. 1.3 Objectives of Project After summarize the Zhangs experience, the target of project is to identify the cheap alternative polymeric materials to ABS. Before the project, a further polymer understanding of the melt and flow properties should be reviewed. Some problems Zhang met need to be solved to successfully produce the product. Some experiments, which Zhang did, need to be repeated to have a better understanding of this project. Some trial materials are aimed to produce the products, and then the properties of product are evaluated. 2. Literature Survey 2.1 Why use rapid prototyping methods? Rapid Prototyping (RP) is defined as the use of a computer aided design (CAD)-based automated additive manufacturing process to construct parts that are used directly as finished products or components[2]. Generally, it is a quick way to turn a virtual design to a real model. There are many purposes for a prototyping, for example, validate system specification or deliver early proof of concept or create a market demo [3]. The best reasons to rapid prototyping is to save time and save money. A complete product design cycle is very long, and there are a lot of trials and errors in the processing. The rapid prototyping processing can be used to modify the trial and debug the prototype in a short time. In addition, the resources can be saved by producing reduce scale model. 2.2 Rapid prototyping equipment With the development of modern science and technology, techniques of rapid prototyping technology increasingly diversified, such as stereo lithography (SL), laminated object manufacturing (LOM), selective laser sintering (SLS), selective laser melting (SLM), fused deposition modeling (FDM), ink jet printing (IJP), 3-D printing (3DP) [4]. There are three categories according to the raw material used in these processing. They are liquid-based system, powder-based system and solid-based system [2] [3]. FDM belongs to solid-based RP processes. The product made by FDM operation can be used as trial tests or for further studies, which reduces the risk of designing mistakes. 2.2.1 Stratasys FDM System Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM), which invented by Stratasys Inc, is used in the project. Generally, FDM is a typical PR process, which contains a computer controlled, and micro-extrusion system. In the process, the polymer is fed into the equipment as a 1.6 diameter filament, which is heated and extruded through a die as a 0.5mm fluid filament. By lay down of the melt filament from nozzle, certain thickness of 2-D layers structure is formed, then by repeating the process for the second layer, repeat this process layer by layer, then a complex 3-D structure is formed. As can be seen in Fig 1, the processing route follows the design, forming and finishes these three steps. In the route of this manufacture, pre-process CAD file is designed by FDM Quickslice software and saved as STL format [6], and then during the manufacture part, the thermoplastic material is extruded and formed layer by layer on precise paths. Remove the support structures then the final product is completed. Extrusion process is a key step in the FDM manufacturing [Fig 2]. Generally speaking, the polymer filament is in solid state when feeding into the FDM machine. The filaments of molten thermoplastic are extruded from a heated nozzle. The process lays down both support material filament and build material filament for one layer at a time. The diameter of the filament is about 1.67mm, and the range of diameter of different tips is from 0.025mm to 0.4mm. Functional prototyping is used via an additive fabrication system. Manufacturing tools and End-Use parts also can be produced with FDM system. There are many advantages including streamlining the development process, reducing the cost and getting to the market faster [7]. The disadvantage is obvious, the price of cartridge is very expensive, and ABS build (including the breakaway materials) is  £275.00 per kg. So find the cheap alternative material is the target of the project. 2.2.2 Mesostructure of FDM ABS [8] There are two kinds of mesostructure during the FDM processing [Fig 3]. The aligned mesostructure is the standard model of the machine. Another skew mesotructure uses the alternating jogs of length 0.5(W+g) in the ProEngineer drawing [Fig 4]. A correction in the nozzle height setting, ÃŽÂ ´ z (see equation 1), using the z-direction shrinkage factor, is set in the QuickSlice program. The void density on the material plane i is defined as 🙠 see equation 2). The extent of circumferential fiber-to-fiber bonding is quantified using a cross-section average of the fiber-to-fiber interface bond length densities. For a single fiber, it is defined as: (see equation 3) According to Jose, James and John, the same filament materials (ABS P400) and the same serial FDM machine were used to test. So the data have the reference value. As can be seen in Fig 5, the lowest void density value is the skewed configuration structure. From the chart above (Fig 5 Fig 6 and Fig 7), Fiber gap (g) and flow rate are two key factors on mesostructure while temperatures (Te and TL) had very little influence. So for the best properties, minimum void and maximum bond length are needed. 2.3 Alternative material 2.3.1 Standard Material The current materials using for the FDM manufacturing process are supplied by Stratasys Inc, which could be ABS plastic, PC and wax [9]. The P400 ABS, whose main mechanical properties can be clearly know in Fig 8, bought from the machine vendor was used as benchmark this project, provided as white filament with a diameter of 1.67mm and a  ± 0.02 mm tolerance, measured by laboratorys calipers. 2.3.2 Recycled ABS Recycled ABS, I think, still is the most ideal choose in this project. The recycled WEEE industry is growing by more attention nowadays. Compared to virgin ABS, the price of WEEE ABS is rather cheap. Due to the problem of the degree of purity in former project, one solution of project is to investigate methods of filtering recycled ABS for FDM. During recent years, some researches about WEEE have been carried out [11] [12]. There are similar results on their reports. With the respect to the properties of virgin ABS, a decrease in mechanical properties (except the modulus of elasticity) was recorded for both PC/ABS and ABS/HIPS mixtures [11]. One approach to different characteristics of recycled polymer was reported by Liang [13]. The contaminants of these recycled polymers are showed in Fig 11. Previous degradation levels ABS and WEEE ABS FTIR spectra for WEEE ABS can be compared with virgin ABS to estimate differences. According to Balarts research, small degradation in ABS was evaluated in the FTIR spectra (Fig 12). The hydroxyl groups which absorb near 3250cm-1 shown, and the carbonyl groups, which absorb near 1750cm-1 missed in the spectra [11]. 2.3.4 Mixture of ABS/PC system According to Balart [11], Equivalent Box Model (EBM) was carried out to analysis the mechanical behavior of ABS/PC blends. EBM can obtain a range of tensile values of blends. Fig 13 shows different curves with the critical values and different A values which is an experimental parameter related to the various interaction forces along the interface. As Balart pointed, the optimum range between10wt% and 20wt% PC in mixture shows an industrial material with balanced properties [11]. One reason is that mechanical ductile properties do not decrease [11]. Furthermore, according to Arnold, the mechanical properties of recycled ABS, especially ductility, are significantly affected by gas evolution during the process of ABS from WEEE [14]. Tarantill and Mitsakaki have done some tests about the proprieties of ABS/PC blends. In this project, more can be dig deeper in ABS based on the Zhangs work. First, FTIR spectra can be used to compare the virgin ABS, after processing ABS and WEEE ABS. The relationship between WEEE ABS, after processing ABS and standard ABS should be clear in this project. Second, ABS/PC mixture is one way to investigate. In Balarts report, the optimum range is 10wt% to 20wt%; the mechanical properties of this range also have a good performance. Furthermore, to refine the WEEE ABS is also one way, but due to the current situation; it is hard to find a process to increase the purity of WEEE ABS (98%). Simply mix one equivalent part of purity ABS and one equivalent part of WEEE ABS may be possible. Higher purity of WEEE ABS may have better properties. 2.3.5 Alternative Nylon Source According to Zhangs research, Nylon could be an alternative material to replace the ABS P400. Compared to the ABS, Nylon have lower price. In the laboratory, nylon strimmer line has already been produced into filament with the same diameter as benchmark P400 ABS. It is easier to get the raw material. One key factor for this alternative material is melt temperature when nylon as a sample. The recommend FDM operation on standard P400 ABS was 100oC higher than the melting point. Among the nylon-6, nylon-12 and nylon-66, nylon-12, which could be a potential material, has the lowest melting point 179oC [15]. Compared to P400 benchmark, the melt mass flow rate can be a reasonable range from 7.0 to 20 [16]. During the Zhangs trial of nylon material, 300oC is the highest temperature limitation for liquefying the FDM machine, but nylon-6 need higher. So glue gun can be used for higher FDM operation temperature. The further properties of the Nylon product need to be evaluated in the experiment . 2.4 Measuring Instruments The target of the project is to find the alternative material to replace the ABS-P400, before that, the properties of ABS-P400 and after processing ABS should be investigated. By comparing the differences of these two materials, the possible of re-used after processing ABS is demonstrated. Moreover, the data of the standard material can be the reference of the alternative materials. The main equipments and tests may be used below. 2.4.1 Melt Flow Index (MFI) Viscous Flow According to Zhangs report, viscous flow of the material is the key to this project. Low viscosity simply means that the materials are able to flow easily [2]. Viscosity is lowered significantly by increasing temperature according to the equation 4: Where 0 is a constant, Q is the activation energy for flow, R is the universal gas constant and T is absolute temperature. In this project, MFI is used to measure the viscous flow. According to Zhang, the some MFI results were obtained. MFI Instrument The Melt Flow Index (MFI) is a way to measure the ease of flow of the melt of a thermoplastic polymer. In Farlexs free dictionary, it is defined as the weight of polymer in grams flowing in 10 minutes through a capillary of specific diameter and length by a pressure applied via prescribed alternative gravimetric weights for alternative prescribed temperatures[17]. One conclusion of Balart is that extrusion and injection moulding process are very important to ensure good mixing conditions and homogeneity. MFI measurements were used with an extrusion plastometer [11]. Flow rate, whose unit is g/10mins, reflects the melt polymers features. In this project, there are two criterions for different grades of ABS plastic. One is 2200C/10kg for injection moulding condition, which is a general standard of flow property. Another condition 2700C/2.16kg, which is a special condition for FDM condition (in Zhangs report), need to be evaluated. Because the working atmosphere of FDM is complicated, t he push force of extrusion cannot be constant due to the different speed of extrusion. To simulate the environment of FDM, the push force must be understood. The data of MFI will have the value of reference. In this project, the difference of MFI between virgin ABS and reused ABS will be evaluated. In theory, for the thermal plastic, repeated heating and cooling cycle does not change the size of the plastic molecular chains, so MFI should not be changed [18]. However, storage conditions of reused materials are usually poor, usually placed at random, the properties of material are mostly metamorphic. According to Zhangs report, sample drying should be mentioned due to the absorbent of polymer. This element will greatly affect the accuracy. The specimens including ABS and nylon were put into oven for 2hours at 900C for ABS (1200C for PC) [13] and keep dry condition to prevent further water absorbing. The other factor affecting precision is cleaning. Die diameter affect the speed of melt flow. It is easy to have the deposition in the inner wall. The test result reduces due to the increasing of resistance of melt flow. So the cleaning is very important element to the accurate. 2.4.2 Capillary Rheometry Equipment Capillary rheometer is another way to measure the viscosity of the materials. The polymer is put into a test tube with a known diameter, and there are several horizontal marks scribed on it. When put some pressure to the polymer, a vacuum is used to get the flow polymer, and the time required is measured for the melt from one mark to another. Elliott [19] explains this device also can test the density and surface tension. 2.4.3 Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectrometers FTIR test designed in this project is to show the different molecules in the trial materials other than ABS P400. FTIR test is to evaluate what is the material composition of the FDM ABS and after FDM processing material, and to find out whether after FDM processing materials become degenerate. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) is based on the interferogram, which is the idea of the interference of radiation [20]. A single is produced by the change of path length between the two beams; the changeable of distance and frequency are convertible by the mathematical of Fourier-transformation [20]. The most common interferometer used is a Michelson interferometer. There are two perpendicularly mirrors which are bisected by a semi-reflecting film (Fig 2). The two beams defected from theses mirrors return to the beam splitter where they recombine and interfere. The moving mirror supplies an optical path difference, which controls the transmission and reflection. 2.4.4 Glue Gun According to Zhangs report, nylon strimmer line has been produced with the same diameter as benchmark P400 ABS. However, it was found that the strimmer line was unable to extrude from the FDM tip as need. When the temperature gets to 295 oC, which is the highest temperature limitation for liquefying the FDM machine, a small amount of material was extruded [21]. In this project, glue gun can be used to replace the tip to get higher temperature. The gun uses a heat element to continuous heat the plastic glue, the temperature of which can reach around 380 degrees [21]. 2.5 mechanical rest 2.5.1 Tensile Test The designing of tensile test aimed to evaluate the mechanical property among all alternative material. The specimen was studied by tensile test using a Lloyd LR50KPlus materials testing machine (Fareham, UK). For each selected building material, the testing samples were produced on three patterns of raster orientation, which built up in X, Y, and Z axis respectively. All tensile test samples were made with ISO 527-2-5A standard with a dumbbell shape. According to Zhangs report, benchmark P400 ABS sample was test, the result shows in Fig 10.

Incorporation of the Ottoman Empire into the Capitalist World-Economy, 1750-1839 :: History Economics Ottoman Empire Essays

Incorporation of the Ottoman Empire into the Capitalist World-Economy, 1750-1839 In 1977, Immanuel Wallerstein proposed a research agenda to answer the question: When and by what process did the Ottoman Empire become incorporated into the capitalist world-economy? He also asked whether incorporation was a single event or a series of events for the different regions of the Empire--Rumelia, Anatolia, Syria, and Egypt. He suggested the answer be sought in Ottoman production processes and trade patterns between 1550 and 1850. By 1980, Wallerstein had answered his own question. When the European base of the capitalist world-economy began to develop its boundaries in the sixteenth century, the Ottoman Empire remained outside the system. Between 1750 and 1839, the process of incorporation into the capitalist world-economy was complete and the Ottoman Empire had been peripheralized. Wallerstein did not comment whether incorporation was a single event or a series of events. In this paper, I argue that current scholarship fails to support Wallerstein's version of incorporation of the Ottoman Empire into the capitalist world-economy. I examine Wallerstein's arguments and critique his discussion based on my own interpretation of recent work by Ottoman and Balkan historians pertaining to Rumelia (Southeastern Europe). According to Wallerstein, a world-economy is a single social economy containing multiple state or political structures that operates on the basis of a capitalist mode of production and in which ceaseless accumulation of capital guides the system. Wallerstein recently added the word "ceaseless" (his italics) to his definition in order to distinguish his paradigm of the capitalist world-economy with its origins in the sixteenth century from other paradigms that trace the origins to earlier points in history. The capitalist world-economy comprises a core, a periphery, and a semiperiphery. Nation-states reach the core by successfully exploiting other geographic areas in the periphery. The semiperiphery forms a buffer zone, where geographic areas can move up into the core or down into the periphery. Geographic areas outside the world-economy are relegated to the external arena. They are eventually and inevitably incorporated into the system, however.

Battered women

Designation from other forms of abuse is necessary due its frequent occurrence today. A battered woman is one who due to the physical and mental abuse shows symptoms of fear most of the time and feels very helpless. The condition is caused by conjugal abuses, domestic violence, alcoholism, drug abuse and encounters such as rape.Apart form being common, the term is confused to refer to women who have encountered some of the forms of abuse that women face today. Understanding the meaning of the word and the difference is Important in making sure that it is not mistaken for a specific form of abuse.Men are the perpetrators of this abuses that result to battering in the end. The victims exhibit fear most of the time with major reactions to minute issues. Apart from that they are helpless in most circumstances that they encounter due to the trauma. Aside from creating fear in the lives of the victims, there are other effects that result from battering. Arthritis, hypertension and other he art diseases like heart attacks are some of the adverse medical conditions diagnosed in many battered women.Some of the words that come into mind like conjugal abuses, domestic violence, drug abuse, alcoholism and rape should not be individually taken to be the cause of battering in women. Rather they should be considered as some of the causative agents. Battered women: Designation from other forms of abuse to avoid misuse and reduce the ambiguity, especially now that it has become an issue of concern due to its frequency. Step 3: Definition paragraph Revised Draft Battered women: Designation from other forms of abuse is necessary due its frequent occurrence today.A battered woman is one who due to the physical and mental abuse shows symptoms of fear most of the time and feels very helpless. The condition results from is caused by conjugal abuses, domestic violence, alcoholism, drug abuse and other encounters such as rape. Apart form being common, the term is confused to refer to wo men who have encountered some of the forms of abuse that women face today. Understanding the meaning of the word and the difference is Important in making sure that it is not mistaken for a specific form of abuse. Men are the perpetrators of this abuses that result to battering in the end.The victims exhibit fear most of the time with major reactions to minute issues. Apart from that, they are helpless in most circumstances that they encounter due to the trauma. Aside from creating fear in the lives of the victims, there are other effects thatother effects result from battering. Arthritis, hypertension and other heart diseases like heart attacks are some of the adverse medical conditions diagnosed in many battered women. Some of the words that come into mind like conjugal abuses, domestic violence, drug abuse, alcoholism and rape should not be individually taken to be thenotably are not the only causes of battering in women.Rather they should be considered asare some of the causativ e agents. Battered women: Designation from other forms of abuse to avoid misuse and reduce the ambiguity is important,. This is especiallyespecially now that it has become an issue of concern due to its frequency. Step 4: Definition paragraph Revised Draft Battered women: Designation from other forms of abuse is necessary due its frequent occurrence today. A battered woman is one who due to the physical and mental abuse shows symptoms of fear most of the time and feels very helpless.The condition results from conjugal abuses, domestic violence, alcoholism, drug abuse and other encounters such as rape. Apart form being common, the term is confused to refer to women who have encountered some of the forms of abuse that women face today. Understanding the meaning of the word and the difference is Important in making sure that it is not mistaken for a specific form of abuse. Men are the perpetrators of this abuses that result to battering in the end. The victims exhibit fear most of the time with major reactions to minute issues. Apart from that, they are helpless in most circumstances that they encounter due to the trauma.Aside from creating fear in the lives of the victims, other effects result from battering. Arthritis, hypertension and other heart diseases like heart attacks are some of the adverse medical conditions diagnosed in many battered women. Some of the words that come into mind like conjugal abuses, domestic violence, drug abuse, alcoholism and rape notably are not the only causes of battering in women. Rather they are some of the causative agents. Battered women: Designation from other forms of abuse to avoid misuse and reduce the ambiguity is important.This is especially now that it has become an issue of concern due to its frequency. Step 5: Definition Paragraph Final Draft Battered women: Designation from other forms of abuse is necessary due its frequent occurrence today. A battered woman is one who due to the physical and mental abuse shows symp toms of fear most of the time and feels very helpless. The condition results from conjugal abuses, domestic violence, alcoholism, drug abuse and other encounters such as rape. Apart form being common, the term is confused to refer to women who have encountered some of the forms of abuse that women face today.Understanding the meaning of the word and the difference is Important in making sure that it is not mistaken for a specific form of abuse. Men are the perpetrators of this abuses that result to battering in the end. The victims exhibit fear most of the time with major reactions to minute issues. Apart from that, they are helpless in most circumstances that they encounter due to the trauma. Aside from creating fear in the lives of the victims, other effects result from battering. Arthritis, hypertension and other heart diseases like heart attacks are some of the adverse medical conditions diagnosed in many battered women.Some of the words that come into mind like conjugal abuses, domestic violence, drug abuse, alcoholism and rape notably are not the only causes of battering in women. Rather they are some of the causative agents. Battered women: Designation from other forms of abuse to avoid misuse and reduce the ambiguity is important. This is especially now that it has become an issue of concern due to its frequency. REFERENCE The Clark County Prosecuting Attorney, 2010. Domestic violence. Retrieved on 9th August < http://www. clarkprosecutor. org/html/domviol/effects. htm

MR Assessed Task

Please remember the suggested times are only a guide and each learner will work at their own pace. However, please try not to spend 2 hours on a task which should take 30 minutes. Don't forget you can find a breakdown of the learning outcomes and assessment criteria relating to each task in the qualification specification or in your EDI portfolio. There is just one task for this unit which should be completed at the start.Assessment for the rest of the unit, learning outcomes 2, 3, 4 and 5 will be cover as direct observations assessed in the work place and will be on-going, as reflection on practice and personal development is a large part of working with children and this qualification. Task. 1. 1 Write a job description Of your work role, this can be a list of things you do with a brief explanation. (20-30 minutes) 1. 2 Link each item on the list to the relevant standards.If you ark with under as this will be the Early Years Foundation Stage (EYES), safeguarding and welfare require ments. (45 -60 minutes) You can use a table format or a piece of writing. As you work your way through the course you should keep a personal development plan. The plan should record development objectives, how you will achieve these objectives and time scales for review. It should also show how you have agreed these objectives and with whom. A downloaded template is provided for your use.

Free Essays on The Open Boat Interpretation

â€Å"The Open Boat† Interpretation Stephen Crane’s piece, â€Å"The Open Boat,† depicts men’s struggles against a natural world that is both destructive and indifferent. Crane uses a theme of cosmic irony, which is the belief that the universe is indifferent to the plight of man, and this theme is illustrated through the use of symbols for isolation, insignificance, and indifference. The one use of symbolism to relay the theme is by contrasting the power of the ocean against the insignificance of the dingy. In the beginning of the story, when the powerful waves were thrashing the boat around, the narrator says that â€Å"a seat in the boat was not unlike a seat upon a bucking bronco, and, by the same token, a bronco is not much smaller.† By comparing the size of the boat to a bull, he shows that it’s size is insignificant to the size of the vast oceans. In this story, the ocean represents the universe, and the boat represents man’s existence in it. As the boat struggles to stay afloat, men have to struggle to keep their place in this universe. Another important use of cosmic irony with the use of the rhyme, â€Å"If I am going to be drowned-if I am going to be drowned- if I am going to be drowned, why, in the name of the seven mad gods who rule the sea, was I allowed to come this far and contemplate sand and trees?† This rhyme symbolizes man’s struggle to find meaning in their own life and their circumstances within their world. People have, throughout history, tried to determine the meaning of life-why their existence is important in this universe. This phrase shows that their lives are insignificant, because they have struggled so long, and they may not live thought it. I enjoyed reading this story more than any other we have read thus far, mostly due to the fact that Crane’s writing appears to be so full of truth and realism. By using cosmic irony as a theme, he provoked me to think about my own place in... Free Essays on The Open Boat Interpretation Free Essays on The Open Boat Interpretation â€Å"The Open Boat† Interpretation Stephen Crane’s piece, â€Å"The Open Boat,† depicts men’s struggles against a natural world that is both destructive and indifferent. Crane uses a theme of cosmic irony, which is the belief that the universe is indifferent to the plight of man, and this theme is illustrated through the use of symbols for isolation, insignificance, and indifference. The one use of symbolism to relay the theme is by contrasting the power of the ocean against the insignificance of the dingy. In the beginning of the story, when the powerful waves were thrashing the boat around, the narrator says that â€Å"a seat in the boat was not unlike a seat upon a bucking bronco, and, by the same token, a bronco is not much smaller.† By comparing the size of the boat to a bull, he shows that it’s size is insignificant to the size of the vast oceans. In this story, the ocean represents the universe, and the boat represents man’s existence in it. As the boat struggles to stay afloat, men have to struggle to keep their place in this universe. Another important use of cosmic irony with the use of the rhyme, â€Å"If I am going to be drowned-if I am going to be drowned- if I am going to be drowned, why, in the name of the seven mad gods who rule the sea, was I allowed to come this far and contemplate sand and trees?† This rhyme symbolizes man’s struggle to find meaning in their own life and their circumstances within their world. People have, throughout history, tried to determine the meaning of life-why their existence is important in this universe. This phrase shows that their lives are insignificant, because they have struggled so long, and they may not live thought it. I enjoyed reading this story more than any other we have read thus far, mostly due to the fact that Crane’s writing appears to be so full of truth and realism. By using cosmic irony as a theme, he provoked me to think about my own place in...

Human Growth Journal Entries

Human Growth Journal Entries Gender Role Socialization The construction of roles based on one’s sex through socialization in the family setting has shaped up the understanding of gender in the society (Else-Quest et al. 947). Gender socialization concerns the process through which children of varying sexes acquire the norms and customs that portray their gender roles (Berns 49).Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Human Growth Journal Entries specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In this case, interviewing a parent on the activities that demonstrate the socialization of gender roles in their children would provide valid insights into understanding human growth and development. Evidently, from the interview, parents play various roles that influence the child in a manner that inculcates the roles expected of their sex. Parents, in their caregiving roles, expose children to what it implies to be a boy or a girl early in their life. The differen t treatment experienced by boys and girls from their parents has a significant impact on gender socialization at a very young age. For instance, differentiated dressing according to gender particular colors introduces children to their gender roles. Further, parents influence children’s internalization of messages pertaining role differences early in their life thereby they generate stereotypes at a young age. In this case, for instance, children understand that men have an edge in negotiating compared to women and thus, start stereotyping the two sexes. Further, participating in sex-type games like housekeeping and doll playing fosters gender socialization. The aspects of femininity and masculinity instilled through gender socialization influence the educational outcomes of both boys and girls. Overall, boys achieve better results in the natural sciences as compared to girls while the latter excels in arts and social sciences. Therefore, the influence of the parent that inst ills a sense of stereotype in children affects their educational performance and career choices later in life as boys pursue the technical and natural sciences while girls prefer the humanities career path. Peer Influence The school setting provides a thriving environment for peer influence as children between the age of 6 and 11 years seek to establish a sense of identity (Stewart 182). Particularly, observing school-going boys in their peer groups demonstrate aspects of development in their cognitive, physical, social, emotional, and language use aspects of growth. In this concern, the behaviors depicted in their interactions uncover the level through which they influence each other’s undertakings thereby affecting their academic performance. Notably, the children relied on each other more as compared to their parents, thus demonstrating their confidence. Additionally, the boys know what tallies as â€Å"appropriate† for them as they mostly interacted with fellows of the same sex and played games considered boyish.Advertising Looking for assessment on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Further, the boys’ self-esteem is influenced by the perceptions of their peers about them thereby determines their behavior and attitude in the school setting. Additionally, peer influence determines the child’s perceptions regarding ethical behavior and moral understanding. As such, the rebellious and conforming behaviors portrayed by the boys reveals their approach to ethics and authority. Instructors should consider the impacts of peer influence among school-aged children to tailor the curricula in a way that facilitates their steady growth and development. In this case, the teacher could plan the lesson with the aim of inculcating the essence of upholding ethical behavior as children interact with their peers. Further, engaging the peers in group assignments would also e nhance their cognitive development collectively thereby boost their educational performance. Moreover, upholding the significance of inclusion in the learning activities of children would further foster their academic success. Challenges in Adolescence The adolescence phase of an individual’s process of growth and development presents various challenges that could affect them considerably. The onset of adolescence subjects teens to changes that pose adjustment difficulties, and thus they struggle with the unfamiliar issues occurring to them (Garcia 168). The interview with the adolescent revealed that they experience stress from family life, the school setting, to the global social issues. As such, the stressors required the consideration of various coping strategies that would facilitate the restoration of emotional equilibrium amid the inevitability of the changes. The adolescent interviewee identified the school, family members, and friends as the key stressors challenging them. Mainly, the increasing pressure pertaining academic excellence, conflict with siblings and parents, peer pressure, and problems associated with romantic relationships affected them significantly. In response to counter the stressors, adolescents embrace adaptive mechanisms of coping that include emotion- and problem-focused approaches. The emotion-centered coping strategies entailed relaxation, seeking distractions, helplessness, withdrawal, and escape. Moreover, the adolescent embraced the problem-centered aspects of coping including seeking support and solving problems.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Human Growth Journal Entries specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Comparing the interviewee’s experiences to my own during adolescence, I could identify some similarities with respect to the stressors and coping mechanisms. Specifically, I experienced more stress from the school setting as pressure for academic success piled up and the issues associated with romantic relationships. The support offered by my older brother reduced the stress emanating from the family setting and thus, helped me to cope with the academic and romantic relationship stressors. In this regard, the environment plays a significant role in determining an adolescent’s stressors and coping mechanisms as seen in the comparison between the interviewee’s and my experiences during the transition. Employment Caregiving Balance Striking a balance between employment commitments and caregiving has been challenging thereby influencing the growth and development course of the child besides causing stress to the parent (Hilbrecht et al. 460). Since upholding quality parenting holds relevance, career demands could jeopardize the successful development of the child’s emotional, cognitive, physical, and social life aspects of growth. Creating adequate time for realizing equilibrium in handling the emp loyment and caregiving obligations posed a great challenge as per the interviewee’s situation. In this concern, the working caregiver needs to develop strategies that would create time for the fulfillment of their caregiving obligations (McPherson et al. 194). The interviewee said that she would talk to the Human Resources manager in a bid to make them understand her situation and options. Therefore, altering the working hours allowed her to attend to her parenting responsibilities in the mornings as she reported to work in the afternoon or evening schedules. Further, she could also take leave to achieve a balance between employment and caregiving duties. Full-time employment endeavors of the caregiver before the first birthday of the child could affect their development to a significant degree. As such, poor caregiving patterns subject children to weak cognitive development thereby undermine their intellectual capabilities, thus undesirable performance at school. Additionall y, poor parenting due to employment commitments could induce behavioral problems in the children resulting in unethical practices at school thereby affecting their academic achievement negatively.Advertising Looking for assessment on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Therefore, when the caregiver engages in full-time work commitments when the child is still an infant, a period considered crucial for emotional attachment and cognitive growth, the likelihood of the child performing poorly in academics heightens. Berns, Roberta. Child, Family, School, Community: Socialization and Support, Scarborough: Nelson Education, 2012. Print. Else-Quest, Nicole, Ashley Higgins, Carlie Allison, and Lindsay Morton. Gender Differences in Self-Conscious Emotional Experience: A Meta-Analysis. Psychological bulletin 138.5 (2012): 947-54. Print. Garcia, Carolyn. Conceptualization and Measurement of Coping during Adolescence: A Review of the Literature. Journal of Nursing Scholarship 42.2 (2010): 166-185. Print. Hilbrecht, Margo, Susan Shaw, Laura Johnson, and Jean Andrey. ‘Im Home for the Kids’: Contradictory Implications for Work–Life Balance of Teleworking Mothers. Gender, Work Organization 15.5 (2008): 454-476. Print. McPherson, Christine, K eith Wilson, Livia Chyurlia, and Charles Lecrerc. The Balance of Give And Take in Caregiver–Partner Relationships: An Examination of Self-Perceived Burden, Relationship Equity, and Quality Of Life from the Perspective of Care Recipients Following Stroke. Rehabilitation Psychology 55.2 (2010): 194-198. Print. Stewart, Endya. School Structural Characteristics, Student Effort, Peer Associations, and Parental Involvement the Influence of School-and Individual-Level Factors on Academic Achievement. Education and Urban Society 40.2 (2008): 179-204. Print.

How Will A Social Media Management App Save You Tons of Time

How Will A Social Media Management App Save You Tons of Time Have you ever tried manually scheduling social media content? We’d be willing to bet you have. If not by choice, then by necessity. Sure, using  Word docs and spreadsheet-based calendars to create and schedule posts works. Manual calendars and templates make it easier to know what and when you’ll post. They’re certainly better than not using any sort of tool at all. They’re not necessarily ideal, though. They require a lot of copying and pasting. It’s also difficult to prevent human error when you’re moving content from one document directly into your social networks. So, if you’re like most marketers or content creators, you’ve probably tried using various social media tools to save time and get your content under control. There’s a big market out there, and a lot of them even work pretty well. However, few bring all the features you need into one app. And that’s what we think sets apart. How Will A Social Media Management App Save You Tons of Time?Create and Schedule Social Posts With One Tool Write your posts in a Word doc or a spreadsheet. Hand them off to someone else to review or edit. Copy and paste them into a spreadsheet-based calendar. That’s the old-school way of doing things. It’s a simple and time-tested workflow, but like we explained before, it isn’t perfect. That’s what makes ’s social post creation and scheduling features such a lifesaver. With the content calendar app, it’s easy to write posts, add images, and get them scheduled across most popular social networks, including: Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Pinterest Instagram Google+ Tumblr Instead of logging into multiple different services, you can sign into one and have everything you need to get started right at your fingertips. See All Your Social Posts on One Calendar Social media posts don’t exist in a vacuum. You probably have multiple campaigns and promotions scheduled at the same time. There are probably some one-off posts here and there, too. Once you have your posts created and scheduled, makes it easy to see them all in one place. Not only that, but you can also see all your social posts in relation to the rest of the content you have planned. It gives you easy access to a high-level overview of everything you’ve got going on. Bring Your Blog + Social Promotion Together If you’re investing time into writing awesome blog posts, you’re probably giving them some attention on social media. However, if you’re only sharing each post once (or maybe twice), you’re probably not getting all the shares and traffic you could be. Fortunately, makes it easy to schedule multiple posts to promote your content. Once you’ve written your blog post and scheduled it to publish, you can also create and schedule your corresponding social media posts. Collaborate on Cohesive Social Media Campaigns Having one place to collaborate, create, and schedule social campaigns makes life a lot easier. With the Social Campaigns feature in , you can create and schedule a standalone social media campaign. Your campaigns can focus on one platform, or multiple networks, too. Create and add a Task Template, and you can also create a reusable checklist so you don’t miss any important steps when creating campaigns. Built-in comments make it easy to communicate with your team and keep all your notes related to the project together in one place. No more digging through messaging systems to track down past communication. Quickly Access Your Post Performance Data We’re going to guess you’re not just sharing posts and then forgetting about them. Rather, you’re likely looking at your social media data and making sure your posts are connecting with your audience. That’s why we built Social Engagement Reports directly into . They make it quick and simple to measure your post’s performance within the app. Automate Social Scheduling and Effortlessly Reshare Evergreen Content If you’ve created social posts your audience super loves, you’ll probably want to share them again. ReQueue in makes it simple to reshare posts automatically at intervals you specify. You can also put messages into groups so you can organize posts to reshare into categories. Stop Feeling Stressed About Social Media Management So far, we’ve walked through a lot of cool features. But, what does this all mean for your workflow? First and foremost, one of the biggest benefits customers report is how much time they save. By bringing your entire social media marketing operation into one place, you can work more efficiently and effectively. By automating tedious manual scheduling, you can cut hours out of your work week, and spend your time creating better content instead of just copying and pasting. Cut hours out of your work week. Automate social media marketing with @:Unless you really love copying and pasting, that sounds like a way better option to us. And we’d know. We use our own product for every social message and piece of content we publish. The results speak for themselves. And That’s Just Scratching the Surface We’ve covered a lot of things you can do with . There’s a lot more to know, though, and the best way to get a feel for it is to use it yourself. Fortunately, we offer a free 14-day trial that gives you full access to everything our software can do. It’s powerful, but also flexible enough to customize and adapt to how you work. And if you run into questions, we’ve got a dedicated team ready to help you succeed. Give it a spin for free and see how much you can get done.

Report on a professional meeting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Report on a professional meeting - Essay Example It is something that everyone, including those across the political spectrum would agree that the country faces growing crisis. No doubt Great British has one of the world’s worst building stock with7 million homes warped into abject poverty. For the past three years just two million cavity walls were insulated. Kirsty Warle reiterated that even though enough efficiency will save money up front; many people, especially the younger generation were faced with financial constraints making hard for them to own homes, and thus are forced to live with parents because they cannot afford rent. Warle also stated that many Britons are nowadays increasingly worrying about keeping their homes warn in the depth of winter more than they are concerned about climate protection. Many of these people find themselves in payment difficulties. The issue of fuel poverty has, glaringly, been overlooked, and there in no measure in place that can supplement low-income households. The speaker also touched on the willingness of Green Deal Company that is looking forward to implementing a viable program that will be determined to help low-income-households with refurbishing solid cavity walls, once it’s approved by the government. Kirsty also reminded the audience in attendance that Institute of Sustainability Chief Executive of East Thames Building Institution work has been tried. His work include flash program, which is primarily concerned with refurbishment of the future UCL, working closely with supply chain contractors, suppliers and users, amid others. For the refurbishment of t he future to be successfully effective, helping contractors through training them should be considered. The buying of upgraded houses, which could include council houses, could also assist to avoiding refurbishing backlog in the future. On the same length, low-income house holds worry a lot too much

Corporate Financial Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Corporate Financial Accounting - Essay Example management would create a provision for restructuring without having any commitment. Besides this, management used to manipulate the auditors by combining in many little amounts of provisions, which, when gathered made up a huge amount. This helped them to skim their profits and gain tax advantages, etc. Except these two problems, provision accounting used methods where provision was created for one purpose and then used for another. All this led to poor disclosure and difficulty in assessing the effect of provisions on reported profits. Provisions were particularly created when profits were high and decreased or eliminated when profits were low in order to smooth the outcome. This was commonly done when an organisation acquired another business entity, the acquirer created increased number of provisions as a cost of merging the new business’s operations. When the provisions were released later, the profits reported would seem falsely inflated. Provision accounting was used to boost share price by disguising poor performance in a particular year by profit smoothing to create an impression that the profit are less volatile, this led to increased investing in a particular company. (Management Accountant Blog, 2007) To overcome such an issue, the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) came up with International Accounting Standard (IAS 37). This standard’s main purpose was to prevent organisations from recognising excessive provisions by focusing on the Balance Sheet and applying proper definition and recognition criteria in the framework for the preparation and presentation of financial statements. According to IAS 37 can only be recognised if it meets the criteria of a liability and a liability according to IAS 37 is â€Å"a present obligation arising from past events, the settlement of which is expected to result in an outflow

Film Making Styles in Bollywood and Hollywood Research Paper

Film Making Styles in Bollywood and Hollywood - Research Paper Example This will be followed by the third part of the research that will focus of the cinematography and film-making techniques on the audience itself. Saving Private Ryan† is a film written by Robert Rodat and directed by Steven Spielberg in 1988. It is set during the Second World War specifically the assault on Normandy. The movie is about rescuing Private First Class Ryan played by Matt Damon, who is missing in action. The United states Department of Defense discovers that three his three brothers had been killed in action and their mother was to receive three telegrams informing her of their death on the same day. General Marshal Orders captain Miller played by Tom Hanks, to assemble a team to find and rescue Private First Class Ryan. Miller and his team immediately move out. In a town called Neuville they meet with soldiers from 101st platoon. On entering Neuville a member of Miller’s team called Caparzo played by Vin Diesel, is shot by a sniper. Jackson, who is played by Barry Pepper is able to shoot and kill the sniper as Caparzo bleeds to death. In the town, they are able to rescue a soldier who they later realize is not Private Ryan. They letter meet a soldier from Charlie Company who informed them that they were dropped at Vieriville, and that Baker company which Private Ryan belonged to had the same dropping zone. Here, they locate Ryan’s colleague who directs them to a bridge over Merderet River in Ramelle town where Private Ryan is defending a strategic post. While going to Remelle, the Captain decides to neutralize a German position close to the radar station. Here, their medic, Wade, played by Giovanni Ribisi, is killed. They capture a German soldier who is later released blind folded by Milner despite protests from his men. This sparks an argument on the leadership of Captain Miller but is quickly settled. Finally, the squad finds three soldiers ambushing a German personnel carrier. Private Ryan is among the paratroopers. Although Ryan is devastated after being told of their mission and the death of his three brothers, he feels that it is unfair for him to be allowed to go home and tells Captain Miller that he does not wish to go home since he had a duty to help his brothers (his fellow soldiers) to defend the bridge and destroy approaching Nazis. Captain Miller decides to take command and defend the bridge. The Nazis arrive with a force of more than fifty men including an armored platoon. They defend their positions managing to destr oy two tanks and killing most of the German soldiers. However, they lose many men including Horvath, Melish and Jackson. Miller is shot and mortally injured while trying to blow up the bridge just before American planes destroys the bridge. Miller later dies in Ryan’s arms. Reiben, Upham and Ryan are the only survivors and are rescued by the American infantry. The movie ends in present day where together with his family and an old World War Two veteran, Ryan visits the war cemetery and insist that the sacrifice made by the soldiers was not in vain and finally salutes Millers grave. â€Å"Border†, produced and directed by J.P. Dutta is a war epic from Bollywood on the 1971 Indo-Pakistani War. It is specifically set during the Longewalan battle. It stipulates how 120 soldiers of the Indian army defended their position from a whole Pakistani army tank regiment. It commences just after the

WE 1 CRJ 545 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

WE 1 CRJ 545 - Research Paper Example Investigation of death is a crucial component in American criminal justice system, which is based on the concept that no innocent person should be punished. Especially in the case of homicides, it is imperative to determine the cause of death so as to rule out natural or accidental death and to confirm the mode of death in order to conduct further investigations. Cause of death can be defined as a disease or an injury that has triggered the â€Å"train of morbid events† that have led directly to the demise or the circumstances or actions that directly contributed to the injury, leading to the death (Medical Examiners’ and Coroners’ Handbook, 2003, p.11). Usually, the medical examiner or coroner is the official who owes the responsibility to determine the â€Å"cause, circumstances and manner† of an individual’s death so as confirm whether the event has occurred as the result of an accident, injury or any foul play (The Office of the Coroner, 2007, p .1). Coroners function as independent investigators but often they will have to work with the â€Å"law enforcement† officers, medical professionals and other service providers (p.1). The determination of the precise cause of death plays a critical role in all homicide investigations as well in the allocation of public funds, insurance etc and, therefore, the persons responsible for the medical examination need to determine it accurately. Conducting of an autopsy is a significant process involved in the determination of the cause of death in all cases. The procedure of autopsy encompasses the medical examination of a dead individual’s body, which is usually carried out by a medical practitioner who is specially trained for the purpose. Autopsies are normally conducted for both â€Å"clinical† and â€Å"medico-legal† purposes (Kotabagi, Charati & Jayachandar, 2004, p.258). The main objective of clinical autopsy

Film Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Film - Essay Example On an armed exploration around the colony, John Smith was captured by the natives and brought to the leader where he was sentenced to die. The chief’s daughter spared John Smith’s life on chief’s command that he would live with them. This is the way to observe him to know the plan of the colony. The chief also asked him to command the colony to leave in the spring. When they did not leave, the natives attacked the colony. The story presented a view of the events that occurred during the time when the United States is in the early stage of colonization by the English people. This is significant in determining the different issues that occurred during that time. One is the differences in culture. The English people have the main objective of colonizing the land due to their need to find a place where they can have a new beginning, a simpler and less complicated life. Thus, even in the beginning then, they have the motive of staying in the land. On the other hand, t he natives who are innocent in nature and without sense of ownership and envy welcomed the English people on the premise that they would leave after some period of time. But when it did not happen, the conflict occurred. The story is historically significant on the basis that it presented it showed the scenario in a land that is colonized.

Parallel imports are good for welfare, not bad for welfare Essay

Parallel imports are good for welfare, not bad for welfare - Essay Example In the United States annual retail sales of the unauthorized imports, or "gray market" goods, may have approached $10 billion during the 1980s. Governments around the world have struggled with the question whether the exclusive distributor ought to be able to block such parallel importation. (Takamatsu 57) The unauthorized importers have maintained that because their activity encourages price competition and benefits the consumer, it should be freely permitted. Allowing foreign manufacturers to establish exclusive distributorships and prevent all intrabrand competition, they point out, would be inconsistent with the principles of free enterprise in a market economy and would be inconsistent with the interests of consumers. As one gray market retailer pointed out: As a result of this importation of merchandise at lower prices, we sell at lower prices. The price differential to the consumer is between 10 and 40 percent with an average of probably 20 to 25 percent. This savings to the consumer also occurs on merchandise purchased from foreign brand distributors because most of the subsidiaries of foreign manufacturers have been forced to lower their U.S. ... The authorized distributors respond that irrespective of any benefit to the consumer, parallel importation unfairly injures enterprises which have made significant expenditures in generating goodwill, only to have the resultant returns siphoned off to others. The U.S. distributors may, for example, have spent large sums of money preparing to introduce a new product to the North American market, and gone to great effort and expense to build up consumer awareness, as well as to develop effective distribution channels. In 1983 the grey market hit us with full force as up to 30% of our sales were lost to the diverters. We experienced two layoffs and our advertising and promotion efforts were severely curtailed. . . . The impact of the grey market greatly impacted our bottom line as we suffered a catastrophic loss. And even established international brand names require careful attention to local regulatory standards, consumer tastes, income levels, language, and a host of other factors. Typically it is the U.S. distributor's responsibility to monitor and respond to these variables, to preserve and improve a product's image in the public mind. Parallel importers' "free ride" on the goodwill generated by such activities should be prohibited, the distributors maintain. But the parallel importers argue that the goodwill on which they trade ordinarily belongs to the manufacturer, not the distributor. The typical consumer decides to buy a "Nikon" camera, for example, not because of the reputation of the Nikon distributor, but because the customer recognizes the manufacturer's name as signifying a particular standard of quality. And gray market sales, the importers urge, cannot constitute free riding on this goodwill of the foreign manufacturer, since the products

Film Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Film - Essay Example On an armed exploration around the colony, John Smith was captured by the natives and brought to the leader where he was sentenced to die. The chief’s daughter spared John Smith’s life on chief’s command that he would live with them. This is the way to observe him to know the plan of the colony. The chief also asked him to command the colony to leave in the spring. When they did not leave, the natives attacked the colony. The story presented a view of the events that occurred during the time when the United States is in the early stage of colonization by the English people. This is significant in determining the different issues that occurred during that time. One is the differences in culture. The English people have the main objective of colonizing the land due to their need to find a place where they can have a new beginning, a simpler and less complicated life. Thus, even in the beginning then, they have the motive of staying in the land. On the other hand, t he natives who are innocent in nature and without sense of ownership and envy welcomed the English people on the premise that they would leave after some period of time. But when it did not happen, the conflict occurred. The story is historically significant on the basis that it presented it showed the scenario in a land that is colonized.

Branding Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Branding Analysis - Essay Example Consumers identify a brand's distinctive capabilities based on their perceptions that have themselves been created by the marketers over a period of time. A genuine brand is "the internalized sum of all the impressions received by the customers and consumers resulting in a distinctive position in their mind's eye based on perceived emotional and functional benefits" (Knapp). Attributes: Attributes are things that usually speak about the product. A brand usually conveys attributes of the product in order to inform existing customers and at the same time attract new potential customers. For example, the attributes of Raymond's suits are stylish, fashionable and modern and stitched of high quality premium clothing. Benefits: In order for a brand to be successful in the market, it is necessary that the product attributes eventually transform into both emotional and functional benefits of the same. If the same example of Raymond's suits which was mentioned above is considered attributes like style and fashion will transform into emotional benefits and the quality of clothing will transform into functional benefits. ... Values: Most of the brands associate some value with themselves. For example, the baseline of the brand Raymond - 'The Complete Man,' communicates a value proposition that the clothing makes a man complete and perfect. Culture: Brands also represent a certain culture. Even this aspect can be better explained with the same example of Raymond that we've been discussing all through. Raymond projects a culture of family bonding like father and son, husband and wife along with Indianness like respect for elders etc, in its advertisements. Personality: Brands communicate personality status. Raymond suggests that it is a brand for a man who cares for his family, society, and himself. User: Brands clearly state their user segments. Raymond is targeted at upper middle class and upper class customers. Brand Personality Brand personality is of immense importance to a firm. This is evident from the fact that most companies spend a lot of time, money and energy in brand building along with the brand's personality. It would be difficult for a company to imagine existence without the brand name and brand personality. For example, if a customer is asked to select one of two chocolates kept in front of him/her, one with the Cadbury's brand name on it visible and the other, also a Cadbury's but with the brand name hidden, the customer, in all probability selects the one with the Cadbury's name visible on it. This shows the importance of the brand name. Companies have to understand that brands and their personality mean a lot and are at the heart of any business activity. Hence, it is necessary that a firm has to exercise full control over its brands. It is often felt that most of the companies have a constrained perception about their brands. They tend to feel

Collapse Of The Concert Of Europe

Collapse Of The Concert Of Europe To What Extent Can The Collapse Of The Concert Of Europe Be Attributed To The Crimean War (1853-1856)? The collapse of the Concert of Europe can be attributed to the Crimean War to a limited extent as there were many other factors which acted to undermine the Concert, causing instability and disputes amongst the nations involved. Although the Crimean War can be indentified to have been a major instance in which participating countries disregarded their policies of peace in pursuit of national interest, this was not as significant to the collapse as earlier factors which essentially rendered the Concert obsolete. The rise of European nationalism and the conflicting ideology and differing aims of the countries involved created the unstable conditions for both the deterioration of the concert and the outbreak of the Crimean War. Therefore the Crimean War can be viewed as a final trigger, but not a sole instigation of collapse. The 18th Century nationalistic movement which was beginning to assert a strong hold among many European countries, acted to undermine the concert by threatening stability throughout Europe. In particular, the revolutionary upheavals of 1848 seriously weakened the Concert by demanding that frontiers established in the Congress of Vienna to be reviewed. In the Hungarian revolution of 1849, riots on the 15th of March by Magyar nationalists in Pest-Buda, now Budapest, the capital of Hungary, demanding Hungarys political independence from Austria resulted in the resignation of the Austrian Prince Metternich, a key personality in the negotiations in the Congress of Vienna. In a letter to Tsar Nicolas I of Russia in March 1848, a primary source informing of his resignation, Metternich describes the social crises as a ‘torrent no longer within the power of man†. Revolutionary upheavals were also apparent in France, Italy, Germany, Switzerland and Poland. The balance of power main tained in Europe was shifting, and as expressed by Metternich, the Concert of Europe had little influence over it. This largely undermined the Concerts objectives, as stated in Article VI of the 1815 Quadruple Alliance between Britain, Austria, Prussia and Russia which formed the basis of the Concert, it was the responsibility of the ‘High Contracting Powers to renew at fixed intervals meetings consecrated to great common objects and the examination of such measures as at each one of these epochs shall be judged most salutary for the peace and prosperity of the nations and for the maintenance of the peace of Europe. As peace was not being maintained, the concert was, even at this point, somewhat defunct. Furthermore, this movement acted as an important impetus for the political unification of Italy in 1861 and Germany in 1871. Owing to the development of 18th Century nationalism, Europe was geographically altered as countries gained their independence. Consequently, European d iplomacy was also altered causing a weakening of the concert, especially as conflict arose between the countries involved regarding intervention in revolution.iHu A fundamental division amongst members of the Concert of Europe, caused by conflicting ideological perspectives regarding intervention against revolutionary movements, acted to undermine the relationship between the countries. A foremost concern for the preservation of peace was the manner of dealing with revolutions and constitutional movements as many statesmen feared the idealogy of the French Revolution was still a powerful influence and as settlements in the Congress of Vienna had failed to satisfy nationalistic and constitutionalistic ambitions. Austria and Russia maintained it was the responsibility and right of the great powers to intervene and impose their collective will on states threatened by internal rebellion, with the Austrian diplomat Metternich stressing that revolution was a ‘terrible social catastrophe and believed that ‘only order produces equilibrium. However, Britain did not wish to intervene in internal disputes and instead pursed a less reactionary policy. Britains foreign secretaries, Castlereagh and later, Canning, acted to distance Britain from the policies of the continental powers with Canning clearly stating that ‘England is under no obligation to interfere, or assist in interfering, in the internal affairs of independent states. Thus, Britain disputed intervention within the Congress of Troppau in 1820, a response to revolts in Spain, Portugal, Piedmont and Naples, and at the Congress of Laibach in 1821 where Austria and Russia had prepared to mobilise soldiers against Italian revolts. The tension which resulted from these disputes lead to Britains increased isolation from Austria, Prussia and Russia while France maintained relations with both sides of the divide. Even though in 1825, a final Congress was held at St Petersburg in an attempt to resolve these disputes, only Austria, Prussia and Russia actively particpated revealing the large extent to which the Concert had been weakened. Despite the assertion that countries within the concert were acting for the greater interest of all of Europe, due to world economies becoming geo-political, with a focus on imperialism, colonialism and economic rivalry, the individual interests of countries revealed cracks in the system. Britains particular opposition towards intervention in Latin American revolutions was based on the grounds that Britain would be forgoing trade profit from the Spanish if rebellions ended there, and hence, refused to cooperate on the grounds of nationalistic interest which existed despite the concert. Geo-political competition and jealousy between European nations became particularly apparent in their decision to prohibit the entry of all foreign warships into the straits between Bosporus and Dardanelles. As a reward for Russian military assistance against Egypt, Russia was rewarded with advantageous access to these straits by the Ottoman Empire in the Treaty of Unkiar-Skelessi in 1833, which closed the Dardanelles off to â€Å"any foreign vessels of war† other than Russian. This allowed Russian commercial vessels free access into the Mediterranean, a significant benefit for Russian export trade particularly considering the growing importance of ports such as Odessa in the Ukraine. The Concert was indignant of Russias access to the straits and so an attempt to inhibit Russian expansionism, the straits convention was held in 1841 in which it was declared that no country should be in an advantageous position regarding the use of the straits. Furthermore, European nations were competing for raw materials, markets and land in order to fuel growing populations. Russia was still eager to increase its influence in the Balkans, and to gain control of the straits between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea then under Turkeys control. Britain and France viewed Russian control of the straits as a threat to their own trade interests, and Austria was uneasy about Russias growing influence in the Balkans. These tensions regarding the control of the Balkans in turn compounded the tension which already existed in the practically obsolete concert, and ultimately lead to the outbreak of the Crimean war, in which the remnants of the Concert expired. The outbreak of the Crimean War in 1853 signified the downfall of the Concert of Europe as the great powers engaged in war with one another over matters of national interest. In making an expansionary thrust at the Ottoman Empire, Russia disregarded any pretence of backing an altruistic balance of power. The causes of the Crimean War conflicted with the doctrine of the concert as an aspect of the preservation of the balance of power in Europe had been directed at preventing a single nation from gaining control of the Ottoman Empire, which was intended by Metternich to be a solution to the Eastern Question. As Russia sought to take exploit the decaying Ottoman Empire, in effect, it undermined the remnants of the Concert and the balance of power, leading to France and Britain, along with some assistance from Sardinia engaging in war to ironically, maintain peace in Europe. Effectively, this simply acted to sacrifice the Concert system with the war having the highest casualty rate of an y European conflict between the Congress of Vienna in 1815 and 1914, the Outbreak of World War One, as more than 450 000 Russians, 95 000 French and 22 000 English lost their lives during the conflict. Renowned historian A.J.P. Taylor states that regarding European international relations, the Crimean War destroyed the charade of Russian military dominance in Europe, which lead to Russias diminished influence in European affairs subsequent to 1856. Through sheer number, the Russian army had been the largest force and yet it was still defeated by the comparably smaller French and British armies. The internal effects of the war on countries within the Concert of Europe are also highly significant when considering the destruction of the balance of power. Having been made aware of Russias social and industrial backwardness through military weakness within the war, the Russian Tsar Alexander II became convinced of the need for Russian reform. Napoleon III of France sought to adopt new fo reign policies which eventually lead to conflict in the 1860s with Austria and Prussia. Austria had been isolated as its ties with Russia were severed due to Russias expectation as a result of its assistance in suppressing the 1849 Magyar revolts in Hungary, Austria would remain neutral in the war. The Treaty of Paris reached in 1856, permanently altered the balance of power and highlighted the strain which had been placed on it through the Crimean War. At the conclusion of the war, severe penalties were placed on Russia by the other countries, restricting its influence. Russia was made to surrender Bessarabia, situated at the mouth of the Danube, had to forgo claims as protector of Orthodox Christians, and lost influence over the Romanian principalities which, along with Serbia, were granted greater independence. Furthermore, the Black Sea was declared neutral, closing it off to all warships which effectively left Russia with an undefended southern border. This left Russia with little incentive to uphold the goals of the Concert as it was now at considerable disadvantage to the other European powers. Upon the conclusion of treaty negotiations the Concert was obsolete, with its goals abandoned and communication at a stand-still. Through the treaty of Paris it became apparent th at the Crimean war had disrupted nineteenth-century diplomacy, thereby destroying the decayed Concert of Europe. Although the Crimean War can be identified as the first major instance in which countries within the Concert of Europe clearly disregarded the policy of peace and turned against one another, it can only be held responsible for the concerts demise to a limited extent. The rise of Nationalism in Europe and the instability caused by the widespread outbreak of revolution caused a strong divide amongst countries. Britains refusal to assist in intervention particularly acted to undermine the authority and cohesion essentially making the Concert practically obsolete prior to the outbreak of the Crimean War. Therefore the war can be seen to have been the conclusion of the concert, but was by no means the sole cause of collapse. Bibliography Fisher, H.A.L, A History of Europe Volume II, Eyre Spottiswoode 1935 Langhorne, Richard, The Collapse of the Concert of Europe: International Politics, 1890-1914, Macmillan, 1981 Lee, Stephen J., Aspects of European History 1789-1980, Routledge, 1982 Medlicott, William N, Bismarck, Gladstone, and the Concert of Europe, Athlone Press, University of London, 1956 Robinson, James Harvey, Readings in European History, Vol. II, Boston: Gin and Co, 1906 Schroeder, Paul W., Austria, Great Britain, and the Crimean War: The Destruction of the European Concert, Cornell University Press, Ithaca NY, 1972 Sweetman, John, The Crimean War, Osprey Publishing Limited, London, United Kingdom, 2001 Taylor, A. J. P. The Origins of the Second World War, Middlesex: Penguin Books, 1961 Robinson, James Harvey, Readings in European History p.464 Schroeder, Paul W., Austria, Great Britain, and the Crimean War, p.211 Lee, Stephen J., Aspects of European History, p.26 Lee, Stephen J., Aspects of European History, p.27 http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/276910/Treaty-of-Hunkar-Iskelesi Langhorne, Richard, The Collapse of the Concert of Europe: International Politics, 1890-1914 p.38 Sweetman, John, The Crimean War p.42 A.J.P. Taylor, The origins of the second world war, Ch. 3 p.71

Early Religions Of The Middle East Essay -- Religion

Early religions have been studied very extensively, and continue to be a predominant topic among many scholars and historians. This could be due to the fact that there are so many different types of religious, and each religion having their own written guidelines, but yet most are very closely related. Whither looking at primary sources or secondary, one thing is for sure, and that is that the early religions can often be confused due to their closeness in nature. This Bibliographic essay will hopefully be helpful when sorting through information in order to write an exceptional paper. (The Holy Bible, Revised Standard Edition. New York: Romans 1, 5, 10; Matthew 5, 6, 1952.) From the book of Matthew in chapter 5, otherwise known as the Sermon on the Mount, where Jesus is preaching to a gathering on Mt. Zion. This passage gives us a picture of how the early Christian religion is supposed to be, and also gives Jesus view on the Golden Rule, as well as a commentary of the Ten Commandments. This passage contains the central tenets of Christian discipleship, and is often viewed by many scholars. This is the most major reading in the Christian community, and rightfully so, it has so much information that has been studied so extensively since its creation. This source can be used greatly in comparison with other early religious documents because this is such a famous piece of literature, and it is also a primary source, which makes it great for open interpretation. Another advantage of this source will be the fact that it covers a vast verity of subjects and topics which could be helpful. (The Holy Qur’an, M.H. Shakir, Tahrike Tarsile Qur’an, Inc. 1983.) The Holy Qur’an, sometimes referred to as the Koran, is the cen... ...ween for showing the closeness in more than two different religions, because it can so closely tie into more than one story. I feel with just these few sources I could truly write an excellent paper on the early religions of the world. Each source offers pretty much the same information just displayed in a different manor directed to a different audience, but the differences are what make them so great. Believe what you wish, you can’t help but see the irony in millions of people living and dying for one religion or another when in reality we all are just looking for a place to belong. These sources, for being so different and so debated over the years are subsequently almost the same in a lot of aspects. Although they each have their own little spin on it, they all can teach us the same basic principals of life, and they can all make us feel like we belong.

Sexism in Language Essay -- Language

Language refers to the method that humans use to communicate either through speech or written. It consists of the use of the word in a structured and conventional way. Language has been referred to as ‘our means of classifying and ordering the world; our means of manipulating reality. In structure and in its use we bring out the world into realisation and if it is inherently inaccurate, then we are misled. (Dale Spender, 1980).Language has power that allows us to make sense out of the reality we live in. Sexism is discrimination of a person based on their gender, especially on women. Sexism in language is the use of language which devalues members on one sex, almost always women, showing gender inequality. In the 1960/70’s there was a feminist campaign in Western Countries and a lot of research as conducted into gender inequality. The feminist campaign demanded that gender in equality should be eliminated from the educational system (Shi, 2001.) The existence of sexist l anguage is due to sexism in society and it is also related to social attitudes. There has been a movement amongst feminists to reduce sexual discrimination and it has led to a number of attempts to influence and change in language. Robert Hopper (2003) made a distinction between the terms ‘soft core’ and ‘hard core’ sexist language. He showed that ‘Soft core’ language was less obvious, subtle but still demeaning and patronizing to women. It was found to be more problematic because it was subtle and harder to spot. ‘Hard core’ sexism showed it to be easier to spot. Sexism in language takes many forms, though theses may be reduced to 3 types: language ignores, it defines and it deprecates women. Women and girls are hurt both physically and materially by it. Everyda... ... Language. Developmental Psychology. 20(4), 697-706. Lei, X. (2006). Sexism in Language. Journal of Language and Linguistics, 5 (1), 87-94. Mallett, R, Stangor, C, Swim, J.K. (2004). Understanding subtle sexism; Detection and Use of Sexist Language. Behavioural Science Sex Roles, 51(3/4) 117-128. Parks, J.B, Roberton, M.A. (2004). Attitudes Toward Women Mediate the Gender Effect on Attitudes Towards Sexist Language. Psychology of women Quarterly, 28(3), 233-239. Piercey, M. (2000), Sexism in the English Language. TESL Canada Journal, 17(2), 110-115. Turner-Bowker, M. (1996). Gender stereotyped descriptors in children's picture books: Does "Curious Jane" exist in the literature? Sex Roles, 35(7-8), 461-487. Ya-Lun, T. (2008). Child development (Research) Sex role (Portrayals) Children's literature (Educational aspects) Science & research, 45,(3), 310

A Synopsis of Christopher Taggi’s Movie 95 Essay

Renowned American film producer Cecil B. DeMille once said, â€Å"What I have crossed out I didn’t like. What I haven’t crossed out I’m dissatisfied with.† (â€Å"Cecil B. DeMille Quotes.† brainyquote.com. Brainy Quote, n.d. Web. 05 Oct.2012.) This persistent feeling of dissatisfaction is suggested in Christopher Taggi’s â€Å"95,† in which the protagonist is discontent with his current life condition and keeps driving on the highway to look for better opportunities. In fact, the author points out that in contemporary society people are dissatisfied because of their insatiable desire for wanting more. This sad reality is illustrated by the protagonist’s parents, who are constantly moving from one place to another to try find opportunies, the protagonist Hank himself, who desires more than what he already has, and the highway that symbolizes people’s everlasting demand. The unfortunate fact of people feeling dissatisfied because of their avaricious desires is demonstrated by the characterization of Hank’s parents. When Hank was young, he and his parents were continually moving from here to there. His parents were never satisfied with what they had and were always looking for opportunities that would give them better jobs and make them wealthier and happier. From Hank’s descriptions of his father† touching things absently† (4) and† his eyes clouded with the nowhere stare,† (4) the author suggests that his father doesn’t enjoy his life. Also, when they stopped for food during car trips, Hank noticed that his father would only have a glass of water. Even if his father explained that: â€Å"No sense in buying something you don’t feel like eating,† (4) Hank knew that his parents were poor. This justifies his parents’ motivation of constantly moving. His father also used to say: â€Å"Opportunity, it makes people rich, makes people famous. All you have to do is go out there and find it.† (4) Contrary to what his parents believed, even after all the years of searching, they never found the right opportunity and obtained what they wanted. This suggests that Hank’s parents, like many people in modern society, will not find happiness because they live with insatiable desires and therefore will not get the feeling of satisfaction in their lives. The characterization of Hank himself also shows how people in the contemporary society always want more. For example, when Hank woke up from his dream about his socks, he realized that† nothing good or special or wonderful has happened to him.† (7) This shows that Frank is idealistic and has superfluous expectations in life. Also, Hank has a nice girlfriend who cares about him and loves him, but he still thinks about how he would leave her even though there are no reasons for him to do so. When his girlfriend asks him if he was happy, he says, â€Å"Sometimes I am. Mostly, I guess I just feel like I can’t be really happy. Just missing something important.† (7) Another passage would be when his girlfriend asked him if he likes her, he answered:†sometimes I like you and maybe I think I even love you a little. And sometimes I hate you.† (7) We can see that Hank is uncertain about his feelings for his girlfriend and if she is the person that he wants to be with. Those are typical examples of a person who is not sure about what he wants and believes that there is always something better waiting for him. The thing that is missing for Hank is simply appreciating what he already possesses. From this reasoning, it is clear that great numbers of people from the twentieth century are just like Hank, they can’t find happiness simply because they are insatiable. The highway is an important symbol used by the author to signify the notion that contemporary people are dissatisfied and always want more. Hank and his parents used to drive on the highway because they wanted more than what they have and the highway offered opportunities. When Hank is driving with his girlfriend on the highway, he sees many billboards that attract him. Especially one billboard on which was written† LUCKY LEO’S FIREWORK EMPORIUM, it boomed in explosive neon colors. LARGEST SUPPLY OF FIREWORKS IN ALL DIXIE! FREE PARKING and DELICIOUS RESTAURANT. 20Ml.† (4) However, when Hank finally gets there, all he finds is the emptiness of an abandoned place. He could see that â€Å"the largest supply of fireworks in all of Dixie must have gone off simultaneously a long time ago. Only the charred, outer brick shell of the building remained.† (5) This suggests that people like Hank, who always wish for more will often get disappointed by the reality and then again return to their initial state of dissatisfaction. The symbolism of the highway proves how people in contemporary society feel dissatisfied because of their everlasting demand. Thus, Christopher Taggi’s â€Å"95† suggests that people in the contemporary society are suffering from dissatisfaction. This is demonstrated by the characterization of Hank’s parents, who always try to find a better life, Hank himself, who is never satisfied with what he already has and the highway that symbolizes how people believe that better things are waiting for them. Work Cited Taggi,Christopher. â€Å"95.† Voices of the Xiled: A Generation Speakers For Itself. Eds. Michael Wexler and John Hulme. New York: Doubleday, 1994. 210-218. Print. â€Å"Cecil B. DeMille Quotes.† brainyquote.com. Brainy Quote, n.d. Web. 05 Oct. 2012

A&P Analysis Essay

It is extremely helpful to use the numerical scale for quantifying pain severity for a patient in order to best asses a pain’s origin and severity, thus allowing for the most accurate diagnosis and pain treatment. 4. The term â€Å"putting a joint back into place† indicates moving the bone back into the synovial joint (its proper place). The â€Å"pop† sound occurs due to gas bubbles (nitrogen) escaping from the synovial fluid. 5. Both the shoulder joint and the hip joint are ball-and-socket joints, but the hip joint does not have as large a range of motion when compared to the shoulder joint. The shoulder joint is not just a bony socket, but is comprised of several tendons/muscles (as previously mentioned), synovial fluid, tendon sheaths and hyaline cartilage. Issue #3: Eye problems 1. The term for someone who has problems seeing close objects but can see objects far away is â€Å"hyperopia† or farsightedness. 2. Contrarily, â€Å"myopia† or nearsightedness is the condition of being able to see objects up close but not ones far away. 3. David appears to have hyperopia, since he needs to hold a paper at arm’s length to be able to read. Issue #4: Muscle Physiology 1. The cause of the muscle cramping is hyponatremia or low blood sodium, which may have occurred by the young girl drinking a lot of water in the hot sun to try and stay hydrated, but which caused an electrolyte imbalance in her body, thus resulting in muscle cramps. 2. The muscle cramps will go away once she drinks the salt water, which will restore the necessary electrolyte balance in her body. Issue #5: Muscle Physiology Child Case History 1. The hereditary X-linked recessive disease characterized by progressive muscular weakness is called muscular dystrophy, or Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). 2. â€Å"Dystrophy† refers to the degeneration of, in this case, muscles. 3. Muscles in the leg involved in walking â€Å"on the toes† are the illopsoas, gastrocnemius and soleus. As these muscles weaken, the plantar flexors in the foot take over the job of walking. 4. The trunk muscles that weaken in certain cases of lordosis (sway back) and abdominal protuberance are the lower back muscles (erector spinae), hip flexors, abdominal muscles and the hamstrings.

Domestic Violance

Essay preview UNIVERSITY DEGREE CRIMINOLOGY Research Proposal The purpose of this research proposal is to address the area of domestic violence in heterosexual relationships and why women find it difficult to leave abusive relationships. The proposal will start with a title which basically indicates what the report is about. There will be a literature review which covers the key literature used for the study; research questions for victims of domestic violence will also be formulated to aid the study.The proposal will address the research design to be used as well as the methods of data collection and at the same time emphasis will also be placed on the appropriateness of the method chosen. As expected with every research the proposal will deal with possible problems that could be faced and how they will be addressed including ethical issues. The proposal will also address the timescale for this project outlining the research schedule and that should be concluded with a bibliography. Title: Women's silence to domestic violence: why some do no leave abusive relationships. Hypothesis: People hold the view that women who choose not to leave those abusive relationships are passive. Aims of the investigation * To explore a range of social explanations for the causes of intimate partner violence. * To find out why women find it difficult to leave abusive relationships. * To develop an informative framework to victims of domestic violence and enlighten them on the policies of domestic violence. Context of study This proposed study is focusing on the data generated by social theorist on violence against women such as Bandura 19731who outline the reasons why some women find it difficult to leave abusive husbands. Hamilton ; Coates (1993)2 rightly stated that women who do not leave abusive relationships are often pathologized and blamed for their victimization. This is what generally happens and therefore the focus of attention is shifted from the wrongs perpetrated by t he abuser to people viewing the abused as passive.Several theories have been put forward to try and explain why abused women do not leave their relationships for example that women tend not leave because they are economically dependant on the abuser3. Also Abbott, Johnson, Koziol and Lowenstein (1995)4 suggested that characteristics of the abuser such as charm may stop the woman from leaving the relationship. This research will pay particular attention to the current social assumption of women who do not leave abusive relationships are masochistic and are to blame for their situations5 and test out whether the theories put forward are still applicable in the modern day times.The research will address this issue and help correct this grounded view of victims of abuse and provide useful information on domestic violence policies and laws that could rescue victims. Literature Review Literature review is integral to this research; this will therefore focus on the research question and i ts importance. Attention will also be paid to where there are gaps in this field of research and how they will be addressed. It is also necessary to consider whether it is beneficial to fill these gaps and identify who has made an attempt to fill them. The importance of the research question is that it addresses the issue of intimate partner violence and how the violence is learned in the socialization of family life6 and why women tend not leave those abusive relationships. There has not been much focus on the type research that I am carrying out recently. Most of the theoretical data that I managed to get hold of was on information gathered in the early 1980s to mid 90s. Changes within the society as well as technology means that the above factors might not be as accurate as to why women do not leave their abusive husbands.Therefore my research is important in that fresh data from the twenty first century will be compiled and will give a clearer view of why modern day women still stay in violent relationships. It will also provide a change in the negative social assumptions society holds of women who stay in abusive relationships and provide a shift from these assumptions. Similar research has been carried out by Dunn, 19897 , he found that the main reason why women stay is due to lack of options to responding to violent partners as well as the lack of support from family members.Newman, 19938 also found that women see no point in leaving their relationships due to the lack of support by the very institutions that are supposed to provide assistance. The research aims to test this area and see whether it is still applicable. Carlson 19979 found that a history of violence tags along future emotional aspects which entrap women thus complicating the process of leaving an abusive partner. When combined the above factors have implications on how domestic violence is interpreted and the perceptions held on women in abusive relationships.Lastly the research aims to raise awareness on domestic violence, 2007-2008 statistics by the British Crime Survey found that domestic violence cases had increased compared to statistics from 199510. Methodology and research design Research design is used to refer to the stages and processes which connect research questions to data (Punch, 1998)11 therefore the design aims to connect the research with the data. I am going to use the triangulation method for this research12, and this is whereby more than one method is used to gather data.According to (Brannen, 1992)13 the use of more than one method is regarded as a complementary technique which means that problems associated with strategy may be compensated for by the strengths of the other. The other reason why I am using the triangulation method is that different methods are appropriate in different research settings and for collecting different types of data. Because my research is quite complex I found this to be the best way to get accurate research after which the results will be combines to give one conclusion to the hypothesis.The qualitative component of the research will employ semi-structured interviews and the quantitative component will use a postal self completion questionnaire. The complementary use of these methods is a professional and tried and tested methodology14. To start off the research the quantitative method I am going to use for is a postal self completion questionnaire. This is whereby the respondents answer questions by completing the questionnaire themselves. The questions will be closed questions and require the respondent to circle yes, no and don't know (sample of questions attached).The purpose of this is to obtain a representative sample of women who will be of interest to the research who will then be called in for a semi-structured interview. The main reason for using the self-completion questionnaire is that they are considered as a way of recording values, attitudes and behaviours of the targeted po pulation and the data is generated in a systematic manner by providing the respondents with the same questions and recording their responses in a methodical manner15 .Also they are reliable in that they eliminate the differences in the way the questions are phrased and how they are presented to the respondents. The questionnaire will record the respondent's experiences of intimate partner domestic violence and find out basic background information on why women stay in abusive relationships. At this stage particular attention will be paid to ethical and safety issues that come with intimate domestic partner violence. The questionnaire will contain a statement assuring the respondents of confidentiality alongside a secret code number to ensure anonymity. ? I am aware of the drawbacks that come with this type of quantitative method which may include non response by some respondents. The questionnaire will include a covering letter explaining the aims of the research, its importance and why the recipient has been selected and most importantly it will feature guarantees of confidentiality. The questionnaire will be accompanied by a reply stamped addressed envelope and there will be a follow up on individuals who do not respond approximately three weeks after the first mailing16.This should improve the response rate and from then respondents will be called in for an in depth interview. For the qualitative component I am going to conduct semi structured interviews. The main advantage of using qualitative methods of research is that this type of research is concerned with understanding how people behave the way they do therefore it allows the subjects to give â€Å"detailed, richer† answers. This type of research also acts as a forerunner to other types of research for example quantitative research which may leave out valuable areas of research.I chose this type of method for the research because as highlighted it gives me a chance to exploit very detailed data which cannot be covered by quantitative analysis. It also uses subjective information therefore it is more representative of the women being studied. The interviews will be designed to have the pace be detected by the interviewee; the majority of the questions will be formulated in the interview which means that the interviewee is able to choose to talk about a subject that he/she feels emotionally comfortable with.The interviews will operate in an open framework and there will be two way communication between the interviewer and interviewee which paves way for the use of emotions, the interviewer can relate to what the interviewee has been through to some extent. At the same time since this is a sensitive subject procedures of ethics will be observed to ensure that the interviewees' confidentiality is not breached. Ethical considerations Ethics are a set of moral standards by which people regulate their behaviour17 therefore it is the responsibility of the researcher to ensure th at the research is carried out in an ethical manner.The British Sociological Association 2005 (BSA)18 set out guidelines which were to be followed by researchers when carrying out research. It is essential for my research that it is clearly stated to the interviewees that they are free to withdraw from the research process anytime and at the same time it is my responsibility that the interviewees are informed about what the research process entails and what the findings will be used for.As my research will be about the sensitive topic of domestic violence it is essential that I observe these guidelines, this benefits me as the researcher as well as the interviewees' safety. Ellsberg ; Heise (2002)19 highlighted that the main ethical concern related to researching violence against women is the potential to inadvertently cause distress therefore to avoid causing distress the interviews will be structured in a way that the interviewee controls the subjects to be discussed therefore wil l be able to discuss issues they emotionally capable to. ? It is my ethical responsibility to ensure confidentiality of the participants is preserved, I will ensure that participants will not use their real names but instead they will choose a unique code which identifies them and if there is a need to pass on details to other researchers this will ensure that their identity is protected, this also extends to data that is electronically stored.I am also aware that due to the nature of qualitative research methods interviewees might find themselves divulging information that they might regret later (Lee, 2003)20 so to ensure confidentiality I will break the link between information provided and the interviewees, this way anonymity is retained. There will also be a consent form to come with the research; this will outline the interviewee's rights to withdrawal at any time and assurances of anonymity as per BSA 2005. After the interviews take place, any information on relevant agencies and organisations will be passed on to the interviewees so that they get help when and if needed. 1 Bars to performance As with all research there will be obstructions to the ways in which the research is carried out as well as the way in which the data is accessed. A major problem might be that some women will not be willing to discuss issues of domestic violence for fear of retaliation by the perpetrator; the use of a confidentiality guarantee is aimed at assuring the interviewees. The use of triangulation means that the targets will be harder to achieve due to time constraints, therefore to combat this I will ensure that the research is carried out on a small scale and at the same time not putting accuracy in jeopardy.Time scale of research The research will take 6-9months to complete. Sending out of questionnaires will take place within the first fortnight of funding approval. The interviews are expected to take place after the data from the survey has been processed and thi s should be by the fifth month leaving time for results from the interviews to be processed. In conclusion what this research proposal has achieved is to do is highlight the elements of the research and the difficulties that are likely to be faced in the process. 1 Bandura, A. (1973), Aggression: A social learning analysis. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall Hamilton, B. , & Coates, J. (1993): Perceived helpfulness and use of professional services by abused women. Journal of family violence, 8, 313-324 3 Sullivan, C. , Tan, C. , Basta, J. , Rumptz, M. , & Davidson, W. (1992). An advocacy intervention program for women with abusive partners: Initial evaluation. American Journal of Community Psychology, 20 309-332 4 Abbott, J. , Johnson, R. , Koziol-McLain, J. , & Lowenstein, S. R. (1995). Domestic violence against women: Incidence and prevalence in an emergency department population. Journal of the American Medical Association, 273(22), 1763-1767 Walker, L. E. (1984), The battered woman syndrome, New York: Springer 6 Kalmuss, D. (1984). The intergenerational transmission of marital aggression. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 46, 11-19 7 Dunn, L. L. (1989). The lived experience of fear in battered women. Unpublished Doctoral dissertation, University of Alabama at Birmingham 8 Newman, K. (1993). Giving up: Shelter experiences of battered women. Public Health Nursing, 10(2), 108-113 9 Carlson, B. E. (1997). A Stress and coping approach to intervention with abused women. Family Relations, 46, 291-298 10 Home office statistics, http://www. omeoffice. gov. uk/rds/pdfs08/hosb0708summ. pdf 11 Punch, K. F. (1998) Introduction to Social Research: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches. London: Sage. 12 Jupp, V. (1989) Methods of Criminological Research. London 13 Brannen, J. (1992) Mixing Methods: Quantitative and Qualitative Research. Aldershot: Avebury 14 Sayer, A. (1992) Method in Social Science: A Realist Approach. London: Routledge 15 Crow, I. , & Semmens, N (2008) Chapter 5: Research by Reading In Researching Criminology, ed. Crow, I. , & Semmens, N Maidenhead, Open University Press, pp. 81-99 16 Bryman, A. (2004) Social Research Methods, Second Edition: Oxford University Press, New York 17 Lee-Treweek, G. (2000). Danger in the field: risk and ethics in social research. London: Routledge 18 British Sociological Association, Statement of Ethical Practice: www. britsoc. org. uk/about/ethic. htm 19 Ellsberg, M and Haise,L(2000), Bearing Witness: Ethics in domestic violence research, LanceT,Vol 359:1599-1604 20 Lee, R. M. (1993) Doing research on sensitive topics. SAGE. 21 Arksey, H. , & Knight, P. (1999). Interviewing for social scientists: An introductory resource with examples. London: Sage