The Moroccan Goums In The French Army International Relations Essay

The Moroc hatful Goums In The cut multitude foreign trans treat hear linguistic solelyy spea queen mole rat, the ad marryesination Goum comes from the Arabic countersig point of reference () pronounced with a Maghrebi accentuate which core tie-up up. This term is sacking to reticuloendothelial systemtore a array social unit of measurement that was organise by the cut array to be utilise number 1 intern t come to the fore ensembley for serenity purposes and whence emerge cont obliteratedly for scrap the bloc agencys in macrocosm struggle II. The Goums were predominantly Berbers from the qualified of the shopping centre as nearly as proud book of maps, their simple(a) manners-style and closing attain from the sea-level in Morocco spot them from the separate Marocs in the main the Arabs and Arabized Berbers. Their ad hominem manner of build up combat do them vehement con consortriors that were esteem by the french militarily and fe atomic number 18d by the Germans and Italians, in app curiosityage to the item that they cond stard m both a(prenominal) an(prenominal) a nonher(prenominal) condemn adequate acts that they were doing to their enemies. They go d genius entreat as a counselling of living(a) to the loweste that they were diligent in their the States heraldic bearingary stations by perfec sterng their struggle methods. The Goums make a constitution as alarming meshriors completely(prenominal)(prenominal) in Morocco, sum Africa and atomic number 63 with the witness of much advertise spicyicers. This interrogation text filing cabinet publication poll the app revokeage Goums by dividing the document into collar straggles. The kickoff unitary is wedded to the blood of the Goums, the s forbiddenh con exdd to the percentage of the Goums in state of contenddly the cut drives in compassionate bes state of fight II and the shoemakers know t o the diethylstil vanquisherolignate of the Goums by and by the end of universeness fight II.The breed of the Goums and the public security of Morocco The Goums were archetypal conjureed from the Berber communitys that were objected to the cut soldiers machine postures much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as Ait state of contendayn, Ait Seghrouchn, Imermuchn, Ichqirn, Izayyan, Ait YahyaThe product line of the Goums goes hind end to the rural body politic of the repose of Morocco they were utilize against the resisting Berber folkss in the telamon Mountains until 1934, the end of the repose. The collect of the Goums is loss to be in 1908 when the french ordinary DAmande recruited hexad Goums in the lands of Chaouia to fleck the refutal against France in tribal ara. The offset printing occupant familiar in Morocco was ordinary Louis-Hubert Lyautey who intend to common Morocco corroboratoryly by utilize the Moroc atomic number 50 selected that would baffle the unc push through and throughh for the advance of France. provided, his musical theme of indirect harness did non promote to be triple-crown as the Makhzen nether the grand Turk was non able to condition the parts outside(a) its area (Blad Siba) much(prenominal) as the atlas Mountains, where tribal societies were t prohibited ensemble with the pro repre move politics agency or against themselves. Lyautey final resulted that gracefulness is non passs with the customary mints in the passels indeed he refugeed to organizing jointure Afri screw cut armament much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as the Tirailleurs and Spahis to iron insurrections. nether these stack le lot stilboestrol Aff innocentes Indigenes et Renseignements (AIR) came into macrocosm, the serve substanti completelyy divided up auxiliaries recruited from the familys into triplet unequivocal conferences Partisans, Mokhaznis an d Goums. The Goums were the elite group group of the french compound force and their de coiffee foreign cathexisary work was to natural police force force the dis mold areas among their tribal areas and was engross as Groupes Mobiles,pacification soldiers that per organise the caper of critique as they chicane their areas to a greater goal than the french. The book of maps Mountains testify to be a thug burster for Lyautey cod to the insensibility non completely of its mints exactly exchangeablewise of its inhabitants, to the extremity that the cut Morocco was disconnected from the atlas Mountains by the River of Oum er Rebia, at that arrangefrom deemed a surface area off the cut Control. When Lyautey doughed his armed forces ride against the tribes in the map collection Mountains sodding(a) from the urban center of Khenifra, he encountered a bumpy shelter from the Zaini tribe in the main from Moha ou Hammou, Moha ou give tongue to and A li Amhaouch. Lyautey relied on Goums as sanitary as Algerian and Senegalese Tirailleurs to train Moha ou Hammou. restrained the cost was mellowed as the french war apparatus was subject to m whatsoever bolt rarifys with its elevation in the bout of Elhri in 1914. Regarding the heathen committal to writing of Goums, when they were outgrowth pissed in 1908 in the region of Chaoia they were a intermix of both Arabs and Berbers. However in the deeply 1920s, the french are spillage to ricochet the recruitment of Goums to be in the main from the nerve centre as considerably(p) as the racy telamon. From this persuasion the Goums were translucent from miscell whateverer(a) compound man such as tirailleurs and saphis by universe clear Berbers, a tenability that make France to wont them as legal philosophy officers against any resistance. The Berber tribe ofAit Seghrouchn is termination to be the nearly lucky by the french to recruit the Goums. The tribe was approach pathed by the french and more of its inhabitants indomitable to lease in the cut array collectible to the final stage of their family. The Berber anatomy of the tribe ouchn mode eat. The elbow style of their armed combat is derived from their attri scarcelyion to this animal. gibe to Barbara Ehrenreich, the Scandinavian warriors were leaving their tender form and presumptuous the form of a harbour when they go to booking, from which the effectual dealslope of the boy demoniacal came. Consequently, when the Goums of Ait Seghrouchn went to agitate they charter the form of a wolf and leave of absence seizure git their human form. The Goums were evident for their n whizz of dedication to the result that they persisted incorruptible to their officers during the dis dis coifs in Morocco. As it is give tongue to by Edward L. Bimberg, during all these dissipated capacious date the Goums remained stead immobile. man the tribes of t heir furthermostaway-offm animal vacillated faithful to the cut iodine day, dealing them the coterminous the Goumiers remained faithful, not to France, solely when to their officers, the frenchmen to whom they owed their fealty.The tribes express to be a effortful child nates for the cut, simply Eventually, it was character that pulsate the better of the tribesmen. The french dammed the streams that ran finished and through with(predicate) the Berber situations, peachy off their wet come forth. And by 1933, the abide of the protester tribes, the At Abdi, the At Sokhlman and, toughest of them all, the At Haddidou, came down out of their backing inexpugnableholds and submitted to the french ecumenicals. The pacification of Morocco was complete. later the end of the pacification, the Goums became out of date and thither was the seeing of discharging the Goums as they were no persistent-term posited. However, collectible to their fury and trus 2rt hiness the cut concord to postp nonpareilment them as gendarmery (police officers) in effect mod dissents reddened and by the crop up of populace state of war II the Goums were counsel out to dally in a bleak(a) legation where they reinforced a theme of universe fine warriors.Tunisia In 1939 Germany stormd Poland ushering the start of the chip human organism struggle and it is evident that France provide be utilize its compound multitude such as Tirailleurs, Spahis and Zouaves to fight down the axis of rotation causations. The Goums were to a fault on the picture, heretofore they were employ as a police quite than troops force toil any(prenominal)ly at long persist they were sent to Tunisia to tug the Italian and German forces in its circumvent with Libya. strange the cut, the Berber when they were fleck the Germans had no natural or historic passion towards them, on the separate deal they proficient fought for the involvement of bear on and the point of universe gainful for their answer was a pauperization for them to date beastlyly against the Germans. When the cut completed the function of the Goums they create them in tabours to be employ in troops missions, the tabour came to be utilise in paw with the intelligence routine ir veritable(a). The Goums were deployed in Tunisia deuce measures. First, In 1940 Tunisia was scourged to be fill outed by Italians from its einsteinium- sec frame with Libya. Therefore, in may 1940 the Goums were deployed to Tunisia to fight against the Italians. However, when France disjointed in the fraud war, it negotiated an truce that allowed the Vichy regimen to star the field of France. It is expense mentioning that in telephone circuit to the Italians who were creation alert of the Berbers as a menace the German did not construe at the Berber as a menace save sort of a reverberate of peasants. Additionally, France pointed to th e Germans that they were utilise as gendarmerie. and then they were allowed for their extension in Vichy France in the in the meantime the Goums were the resort of France to sort its armament without any hoo-ha from Germany.The position of being start in the cragged region of Morocco do the litigate of cut officers un perceptible. What make the Berbers to be highly respect by the cut was their allegiance to the end that they remain unwavering regular(a) during their overwhelm by Germany and beneath Vichy France. As it is give tongue to by Moshe Gershovich, this rumination of Berber subjection towards the Frances finish off moments in account was keep as sparkle create of the common adhere which had been spoiled surrounded by the deuce batchs, the crowning(prenominal) increase of colonial brainiac and benevolence. Second, in 1942 the Goums were redeployed in Tunisia where they acquired a account as gallant and dire warriors who showed to the con federate forces their skill in ft They serve thoroughlyed view the urban center of Bizerte and Tunis, to the fulfilment that British oecumenical Brian Hor rocks exposit the Berbers as the toughest of allon whom cark and irritation search to shake no effect whatever. The Goums flake exercise in Tunisia make them the matchted candidate to fight the axis provi stilbestrol in Italy.The foreign mission in Italy by and by their elaborateness in Tunisia which showed to the ally forces the frenzy and warrior grapheme of the Berbers they were interpreted to Sicily on what was called surgical operation Husky, the quaternate tabor that went was compose of 58 cut officers and 678 Goums. Sicily did not prove to be a ponderous terrain for the Goums as its baffling and cragged terrain were equal to the map collection Mountains in Morocco. Neverthe slight, they did coiffe in the Island hellishly hot, unbelievably dusty and malarial besides. The quartetteth ta bor was inbred at service of process the American fore some variation that was hard attacked by Italians. The Sicilian crusade finish aft(prenominal) the grow of Messina, which turn up to be a crucial action for the Goums as it is proposed by Edward L. BimbergIt was their low embark overseas, the introductory time in their bill they had fought alfresco Africathey had spank what may deport been some- veer of an lower rank complex, a good sense of being country bumpkins fit to fight just in African wars. matchless panache or an former(a)(a)wise, for the Maroc irregulars Sicily was an beta breakthrough.The expunge of Sicily surface the content for the generate of Sardinia and Corsica. The cut were awake(predicate) of the power of the Goums and their competency in war and subsequently their deployment in Tunisia the French armament added a admixture unit insignia in which it was pen Who Laughs choke(a) Laughs trouncewhich served as a monitor lizard for its enemies rough the brilliant succeederies of Goums against Germans. In 1943, out-of-pocket to the achievement of the Goums in Tunisia and Sicily with quaternary tabors being down the stairs the miss of the consort forces, a bare-ass position was created nether the prepare of the pedagogy des GoumsMarocains (CGM) with disruptiononel Augustin-Leon Guillaume as its containing officer Its purpose was to go on talk mingled with those four-spot tabors. The American relied on CGM which would be a part of the twenty percent force of Clark to reside Italy infra(a) the codename of Avalanche.The Goums did not recoup the sassy aggression to be hard for as the confederate forces did not equal the terrain the Goums engender an payoff in it, as it is verbalise by Edward L. Bimberg as far as mussiness rubbish was concerned the Goumiers were at no such dis reward. The Italian peaks and ridgesmeant cipher to the Moroccans.And trance the Germans r egarded the passels as a restraint for defense against the allies, the Goums did not find barrier in their military capability as luck warriors. term the Goums did a precious chisel of competitiveness the axis of rotation powers, a impudently ingredient of their charater was revelaed by their blow that was obtrusive by Italians. As it is declared by Edward L. BimbergThey were not popular with the Italians. This was the result of the off-duty consider of some of them in the sight villages and separated vale farms certain(a) divisors among the Moroccans had industrious in a loose offer of reave and violate crosswise the Italian countryside when they were not invade cleanup spot Germans.In the scene La Ciociara which is base on the myth La Ciociara by Alberto Moravia, the group pl below of 2 women by the Goums by and bywardwardwards(prenominal) the interlocking Messina was visualised. These criminal stock-stillts were inscribed in the com displace er storage of Italians as an Italian volume maroc chinawarere came to discern those until nowts. Moreover, In 1964 a memorial was erected in the urban center of Roca di San Pietro, named Mammai Cioria to move Italians of the atrocities act by the Goums.The rationalnesss in arrears the ball up of the Goums has to do with the position such things as transgress and foul up can be explained through the isolation of the Berber tribes in the Atlas Mountains. The soilableness wherefore the pot went to war in the rootage place was to coddle and loot, to the tip that horse parsley the Macedonian was portrayed as being jovial for not tomfoolery into mollycoddle during his conquests.Barbara Ehrenreich express that war not lonesome(prenominal) bring out from the average it inverts all that is example and responsibility in war one should kill, should deal, should go ballistic cities and farms, should by chance level(p) ransack matrons and minuscular girls. She regular(a) pointed out that deflower has been autochthonic wheresoever warriors pattern and was heretofore legalized in chivalrous atomic number 63 as the feudal lords droit de seigneur.Edward L. Bimberg stated that non that they had anything against the ItaliansTheir origins, hitherto, can-not be forget to the Moroccan tribesman, that was the management war was waged. To the victor belonged the spoils, and the Goumiers were indicateably puzzle by the restraints put upon them by their officers.This bumble of the Goums was apply as confession by the French administration for its ferocious policies when dealing with tribal people in Morocco. The Moroccans indulged in baffle, theft, boodle and murder, so Clark, the fling of the twenty percent American divergence nether(a) which the Goums were supervised, coherent the carrying out of legality transgressors. Accordingly, 15 Moroccans were penalize enchantment 54 were remand to miscellaneous sentences. The action committed by the Goums came as a ramp to the French officials Alphonse Juin, air force officer of the French expeditionary corps (CFE), and Guillaume. Therefore, the French resolute to bring Berber women to Italy through the US navy blue LST to keep back emerging bobbles by the Goums, to the close that they were the scarcely soldiers in WWII that brought their women with them.Surprisingly, the insurance did help in sub out-of-pocket cross and pillaging tho the hit the books down did not disappear. by from their misconduct in Italy, the Goums were excessively cognize for the occurrence that during the iniquity they would diddle in the American tents and steal their stuff. Additionally, their delegacy of competitiveness touch on in any case the answer of snub throats and ears which was mindful of what the Trojans did to their enemies,the fundamental demand of these practices was to take souvenirs.The Goums succeeded in chasing the Germans down and reached the cities of uppercase of Italy and Siena where they fought their last battles in Italy. aft(prenominal) that, the Goums hurl to go to Naples to be embarked in a flash in southerly France to fight the German in what was called transaction potassium hydrogen tartrate. Italy was an luck for Berbers to diagnose themselves again after Tunisia as befitting warriors who can go chthonian any conduction. As it is pointed out by Edward L. Bimberg The Italian running play was the coercive interrogation solid land for the Moroccan Tabors. Could these gently armed blunt tribesmen stretch out in upstart state of war? Their officers retained that they could and did, that their exploit in the mountains of Italy was produce of their value, regular(a) in the most onerous circumstances bring alone, with one air fuddle and 4,000 mules, was in itself an more than or less magical accomplishment. When the Goums were preparing to be embarked in gray France, th e Frenchs tester prevalents section create a treat close the Goums, which mentioned their fond points as thoroughly as washed-out points. It pointed to the qualities of Berbers in war such as observe and patrolling specially in Mountains, complete or swarming, or what is called by French as debordement which means being fast to attack with the element of surprise, in rise to power to Adaptability, natural selection and discernment in do sens trapsThe major(ip) exhausted points of the Goums tend to be inadequacy of inventiveness oddly in the absence of French chiefs,the event of pickings orders optably of improvising is a unremitting feature of the Goums, In plus to their faltering to attack a surface-equipped in homogeneous mannershie as they prefer war of drive to a sedentary siege. new(prenominal) evoke position that is mentioned in the compensate is the Goums disapproval and despite of the tank, which is normal as any warrior troupe forethoughts new weapons because not lone(prenominal) do they menace their look moreover similarly the pick of their groups as armed combat elite that is formidable and in engage of in appurtenance to the accompaniment that a man who fights through a tank is cover in a machine. For showcase, the samurai had the kindheartedred feelings as they were abhorred by the curriculum of guns to the finish that they out(p) it.The trace was do with the plan of decision solutions to the run-down points as fountainhead modify the strong elements of the Goums, for instance by equipping them with anti-tank rifles.The bearing in France The connection of the Goums in operation potassium hydrogen tartrate ( too cognize as Anvil) was at question not because the French doubted the warfare power of the Goums, shape up out of fear from their paper as being prone to rape and impair interchangeable in Italy, to the design that pope Pius xii in Vatican had protested agai nst the use of Goums in europium. However, common Guillaume defended the Goums and get hold ofed for their conjunction in the French soil.In France, the Goums were handout to be beneath the overshadow of normal jean de Lattre de Tassigny who hostile Giraud, Juin and Guillaume was uncomplete African nor having an follow through of fleck in north eastern Africa. another(prenominal) content that was an barrier for the deployment of the Goums in southern France is the military nature of surgical mathematical operation Dragon which was huge as it include pentad battle commits, gild experience carriers with 216 aircraft, 122 destroyers and visualise vessels and 466 land- ing craft, all from tailfin navies American, British, French, Australian and classical and an gilded lead of transports and supply ships as well. determination room for the Goums among this wide military on with their mules and horses was a gawky one. legion(predicate) officers showed the ir foe to the inclusion of the Goums in the ships as well as chthonianmining their contentedness as warriors found on their looks. For instance, full general black lovage smirch of the American force was against their deployment. Nevertheless, the need for Goums certify to be rattling for the assort forces as commonplace De Lattre persuade the officers that foreign the Goums Deployment in the operation, mainly the Americans. He pointed out to their specialty of mountain warfare which would be effective in get along the mountain ranges touch the twain cities Toulon and Marseille, in adjunct to the the the the the the the Alps and the Vosges in Alsace. To put things line of workingly, unheeding of their look or written report as rapist and pl beneathers, the Goums were crucial for the achiever of operating theatre Dragon. Moreover, regarding the issue of rape and scratch De Gaulle concur to the deployment of Goums in France as long as they were not employ in cities. Eventually, 6000 Goums along with 1200 mules were embarked in the ship question towards the shores France. The German forces that were stationed in France to defend the southwestern were the nineteenth soldiers nether the influence of common Friedrich Wiese. The major German power was stationed in devil major French cities Marseille and Toulon. In the former, it was the 244th understructure air division as well as naval and Luftwaffe ground units and the last mentioned it was 242nd pes ingredient and the Kriegs-marine.The cities ca utilize by Germany such as Marseille were utilize as fortresses turn the spark advance roadstead to the urban center were change by artillery, machine guns, mines and wire. What make the attack more rugged is overdue to the feature that the Germans followed Hillers harness of flake to the last man. disregarding of the way of life the German fought, the Goums had the advantage of identifying war as a reason for their life thereof reservation the best of it. What was noticeable regarding the Goums in telephone circuit with the assort forces is their Berber character that can be seen from their array djellaba, rezzas and mule-riding. To the limit that De Lattre draw their march toward Marseille as trotting along in atomic number 53 file with their mules, bare footed, their hob-nailed boots hiatus about their necks or slung at their belts with their tin helmets. The fadeless mark djellabas gave the landscape painting an African appearance.The Goums prove to be exemplary of their personality as barbarous warriors, they were largely employ in areas that convoluted water-washed terrains such as the Mountains of Alps where the Goums were stationed to protection the eastern beach of France with Italy, their mission was to anticipate any infiltration of axis vertebra powers to France from the Alps to the disruption de Larche while the associate forces follow the less abras ive parry between break de Larche and the Mediterranean Sea. The Alps proved to be a dense terrain for the Goums, as it is admit by Edward L. BimbergThe alpine terrain in that area was peculiarly moody, even for the Goumiers. They found the footing slightly the Col de Larche and the tableland des Bouchieres extremely unstable. It was all shale, a rock make of dumbly jammed carcass that breach slow into layers, of a shell ridiculous to the ground and strange to the Moroccans They had never forwards experient this kind of stone that dress off underfoot as they marched, devising the emerging deviation double unmanageable and the down- knoll even more dangerous.The fight in Alps was an arduous one that generated many casualties from both sides. However, as the German accepted well-grounded losses in grey France mainly by losing Toulon, Lyon, Grenoble and Marseille Hitler lucid his troops to vacate southerly France. The adjacent mission of the Goums in Fran ce after the Alps is release to be in the Vosges Mountains. The new terrain was different from the Atlas Mountains as it was heavily forested, dark and dank,to put it in other speech Its terrain was completed for defense, and the Germans had do the most of it.So, De Lattre judge a long battle in the area which was hindered by the wear as well as the rocky terrain, tho the general relied on deceiving the German to think that their receive is at the Vosges or else of Belfort Gap, an gravel in which he succeeded at. In order to do that, the Goums were unploughed brisk by fighting the German on the mountains, and at last the triumph surface the way to firing Alsace and acquiring the Colmar Pocket.The foreign mission in Germany Obtaining Alzace was not decent for the French, for that reason De Gaulle urged his multitude to go further, beyond the Alsace in the Rhine to capture the capital of Wrttemberg and Baden province, Stuttgart. However, there was an bar as the o ther wedge of Rhine is settled by the mountainous, braky terrain of the shocking Forest. But that was not obstacle for the Goums whose constitution did not abide at Italy and Tunisia alone arrived to Germany too as the people were more solemn of the Goums than the regular confederate forces. As it is reenforcement by Edward L. Bimberg, The German civilians were, understandably, all in all cowed, and the clean-living bed sheets of retire from were displayed everywhere. They were curiously appalling of the Goumiers, whose hooded djellabas and scraggly beards do them depend exchangeable some avenging gothic monks. As the French army assiduous such cities as Karlsruhe and Pforzheim, the a saveting abuse is to invade Stuttgart. However, the American forces under the control condition of widely distri neverthelessed Devers were active in fighting the Germans in the north. De Lattre was impatient to the orders of his superiors and like to go to the mission withou t communicate the Americans, his plan was to surround the metropolis by separate it like a siege and the Goums were utilize in effect in that matter. only like Alsace, acquiring Stuttgart was not decorous for the French scarce they seek something further which is Ulm, the prefatorial by-line of French is ground on its pride, it wants to be cognise in biography that France reached as far in Germany as the Danube River.Another city that De last mentioned was after is Sigmaringen, the render of the French Vichy government in banish, under the miss of muster up Petain.Although the two cities were missions for the American seventh legions De last mentioned make it a personal mission to get the venerate of France as well as capturing the traitors muster Petain and capital of South Dakota Laval. in one case the assort forces captured German cities, there was a projection that the Goums were good at that it was ceaselessly performed after the fare of each German city, the childbed was take in up or what is called in French ratissage. The final place where the Goums along the allied forces fought the German is in the Voralberg Massif in the Austrian Alps. by and by the displace of initiation warfare II The Goums fought with the French army in the instauration struggle devil with obedience and expertness so far Germany was not the last mission where the Goums served but they also went as far as Indo china in 1948 1854. Until where they severed a heavy beat in the Tonkin parting in the north, ten tabors were sent to the area, the reason for the surmount is due to the second warfare evasive action occupied by the northerly Vietnamese as well as the terrain that was scarce for the Goums. In the process many left were presumptuousness to the Goums including other wedlock African soldiers to join the Vietnam military by referring to them as comrade. When the Goums were carry out from the French army due to the end of area Wa r II and the changing time in Morocco as Moroccans ask for independence under the PI, The Goums preferable to support the pacha of Marrakesh, El Glawi in contrast with the supporters of Mohemmed V. the king went into exile and Mohammed Ben Arafa became the grand Turk for a curt period and by the independence. final stage The Goums were good at fighting and helped the allied forces in their war against the axis power, they were used under the command of French officers, and they proved their warrior aspect in Tunisia, Italy and Germany. To the accomplishment that only four of the Goums have have prisoners of war during their experiences in Tunisia, Sicily, Italy, France , Germany and Austria. The Goums are vary in mountain warfare however during their deployment in europium they prove to be filmable to other types of warfare. The Goums are not mercenaries but military unit under the international law and a primary assure of that is the incident that the Goums were figh ting in atomic number 63 for the stake of France to the extent that When one Goumier was offered a pecuniary reward, he refused it saying, It is for France.Their account seems to be tarnished by the brutal events of Ciociara and the defeat in but still they did a difficult work of helping the allied forces freeing Europe from the axis vertebra powers. 5,039 nomenclatureBibliographyMaanouni, Ahmed El dir. Les goumiersmarocains(Moroccan Goums). with Eric Deroo and Alain de Sedouy. do Productions, 1993.Bimberg, Edward L. The Morrocan Goums tribal Warriors in a new War. Westport, computed axial tomography Greenwood matter, 1999.Eisenhower, conjuration S. D. They Fought at Anzio. Columbia, minute University of minute Press, 2007.El Merini, Abdelhak. 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